在日常的学习、工作、生活中，肯定对各类范文都很熟悉吧。范文怎么写才能发挥它最大的作用呢？下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
背诵一百篇英语文章 背诵文章英文翻译篇一
william blake/威廉.布莱克
to see a world in a grain of sand, and a heaven in a wild fllower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand, and eternity in an hour.从一粒沙子看到一个世界，从一朵野花看到一个天堂，把握在你手心里的就是无限，永恒也就消融于一个时辰。
第二篇：love your life
热爱生活
henry david thoreau/享利.大卫.梭罗
however mean your life is,meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard is not so bad as you looks poorest when you are fault-finder will find faults in your life,poor as it may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious hourss,even in a setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode;the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.i do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering thoughts,as in a town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of be they are simply great enough to receive without think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest should be more ate poverty like a garden herb,like not trouble yourself much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,turn the old,return to do not change;we your clothes and keep your thoughts.不论你的生活如何卑*，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。它不像你那样坏。你最富有的时候，倒是看似最穷。爱找缺点的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺点。你要爱你的生活，尽管它贫穷。甚至在一个济贫院里，你也还有愉快、高兴、光荣的时候。夕阳反射在济贫院的窗上，像身在富户人家窗上一样光亮；在那门前，积雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一个从容的人，在哪里也像在皇宫中一样，生活得心满意足而富有愉快的思想。城镇中的穷人，我看，倒往往是过着最独立不羁的生活。也许因为他们很伟大，所以受之无愧。大多数人以为他们是超然的，不靠城镇来支援他们；可是事实上他们是往往利用了不正当的手段来对付生活，他们是毫不超脱的，毋宁是不体面的。视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧！不要找新的花样，无论是新的朋友或新的衣服，来麻烦你自己。找旧的，回到那里去。万物不变，是我们在变。你的衣服可以卖掉，但要保留你的思想。第三篇：
the bright,the beautiful, 一切纯洁的,辉煌的,美丽的, that stirred our hearts in youth, 强烈地震撼着我们年轻的心灵的, the impulses to wordless prayer, 推动着我们做无言的祷告的, the dreams of love and&nbstruth;让我们梦想着爱与真理的;the longing after something's lost, 在失去后为之感到珍惜的, the spirit's yearning cry, 使灵魂深切地呼喊着的，the striving after better hopes-为了更美好的梦想而奋斗着的-these things can never die.这些美好不会消逝。
the timid hand stretched forth to aid 羞怯地伸出援助的手，a brother in his need, 在你的弟兄需要的时候，a kindly word in grief's dark hour 伤恸、困难的时候，一句亲切的话
that proves a friend indeed;就足以证明朋友的真心；
the plea for mercy softly breathed, 轻声地乞求怜悯，when justice threatens nigh, 在审判临近的时候，the sorrow of a contrite heart-懊悔的心有一种伤感--these things shall never die.这些美好不会消逝。
let nothing pass for every hand 在人间传递温情
must find some work to do;尽你所能地去做；
lose not a chance to waken love-别错失去了唤醒爱的良机-----be firm,and just ,and true;为人要坚定，正直，忠诚；
so shall a light that cannot fade 因此上方照耀着你的那道光芒
beam on thee from on high.就不会消失。
and angel ***s say to thee---你将听到天使的声音在说-----these things shall never die.这些美好不会消逝。
第四篇
the life i desired 我所追求的生活
that must be the story of innumerable couples,and the pattern of lifeof life it offers has a homely reminds you of a placid rivulet,meandering smoohtly through green pastures and shaded by pleasant trees,till at last it falls into the vasty sea;but the sea is so calm,so silent,so infifferent,that you are troubled suddently by a vague s it is only by a kink in my nature,strong in me even in those days,that i felt in such an existence,the share of the great majority,something amiss.i recognized its social value.i saw its ordered happiness,but a fever in my blood asked for a wilder seemed to me something alarming in such easy my heart was desire to live more dangerously.i was not unprepared for jagged rocks and treacherous,shoals it i could only have change-change and the exicitement of unforeseen.这一定是世间无数对夫妻的生活写照，这种生活模式给人一种天伦之美。它使人想起一条平静的溪流，蜿蜒畅游过绿茵的草场，浓荫遮蔽，最后注入烟波浩渺的汪洋大海；但是大海太过平静，太过沉默，太过不动声色，你会突然感到莫名的不安。也许这只是我自己的一种怪诞想法，在那样的时代，这想法对我影响很深：我觉得这像大多数人一样的生活，似乎欠缺了一点儿什么。我承认这种生活有社会价值，我也看到了它那井然有序的幸福，但我血液里的冲动却渴望一种更桀骜不驯的旅程〃这样的安逸中好像有一种叫我惊惧不安的东西〃我的心渴望一种更加惊险的生活。只要生活中还能有变迁———以及不可知的刺激，我愿意踏上怪石嶙峋的山崖，奔赴暗礁满布的海滩。
背诵一百篇英语文章 背诵文章英文翻译篇二
适合高中生背诵的优美英语文章
a chinese philosopher, feng youlan, once said china is an old country with a new us, that means this country with a long, long history is on its course of modernization.i am encouraged every time i think of it.i do believe china really has a bright future, if it seeks this opportunity to continue building a road to the world.i see the future as a huge project in which i can play an important needs more and better roads to the rest of the world.i feel needed.i feel inspired.i'm ready.---excerpt from li shu's speech
(全国英语演讲比赛第二届冠军:李舒,四川大学,1997年)
what happened to this beautiful valley in australia should also happen to our yellow river and, in fact, it is happening.i have seen farmers planting trees on mountains along the yellow river.i have seen them climb the mountain tops with seeding on their shoulders because they had no machinery.i have seen them pour on trees the water they carried up in buckets from miles down the farmers are quietly nourishing our yellow river, just as the river has nourished them.---excerpt from cai li's speech(全国英语演讲比赛第四届冠军:蔡力,南京大学,1999年)
the first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight, attracting them by its unique image does beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 olympics? it is known to all that the beijing municipal government has already set the theme for the future games: new beijing, great me, the 2008 olympics will be a great green olympics illuminated with two more special colors, yellow and red.---excerpt from qi yue's speech
(全国英语演讲比赛第六届冠军:戚悦,北京语言文化大学,2001年)the force of habits
habits, whether good or bad, are gradually more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it;and if we do not continue to do it, we feel is called the force of habits, and the force of habits should be fought applies even to such good things as work or people form a bad habit of working too much, and others of idling too habits, once formed, are difficult to get rid wise man always remembers to check any bad warns himself “i am now becoming idle” or “i like too many sweets” or “i smoke too much”.and then adds, “i will get myself out of this bad habit at once.”
the way to achieve success
many people say that they owe much of it to the cultivation of certain good habits in early forming good habits, i think we should pay attention to four things, that is honesty, industry, enthusiasm and thrift.“honesty is the best policy.” this is a proverb to which we must pay are so
many temptations in society that through a little carelessness we may go when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to ry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do nothing is going to ruin iasm is a great ’s soul will expand if one devotes oneself to a noble difficulties in our way are tremendous, but what can we not accomplish, if with enthusiasm?
there are many proverbs, which set forth the advantages of we live in the world in which money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save a portion of our earnings for future are the four things to which we must pay is only by this way that we can achieve ---a blessing or a curse?
as tv enters more and more families, people begin to wonder about its advantages and believe it is a blessing, others hold that it is a curse to , as a mass media, can bring to people new information on economies, culture, arts, and many other can enjoy their favorite programs at some countries, some tv stations provide such programs as looking for dangerous criminals and lost children, helping to find an ideal lover, and others which are quite beneficial to society, some tv stations provide various useful seminars for people of various ages and social on the other hand, tv may exert bad influence on programs are full of a result, people, especially juveniles, are led to commit increasing number of people are so indulged in tv programs that some even neglect their my opinion, the attitude towards tv all depends on should choose those programs, which are useful, and can bring to them the sense of test and test taking
the purpose of a test is to check how much we students have learned about a not only helps make our newly acquired knowledge permanent, but also enables us to find out what needs to spend more time some students do not deal with test of them are afraid of failing in a cheat even at the risk of being caught on cheating might give one “better grades”, it adds nothing to one’s dishonest behavior will do one more harm than good.i think that we go to college in order to have our further studies, and prepare us to be qualified for the future ore, we should take a correct attitude towards long as we study diligently and review our lessons regularly, we are sure to be used to serve its real dictionary
the dictionary is a living er you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and almost omniscient(all-knowing).language skills will develop with your constant use of various more you use
them, the more familiar you will become with or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meanings of the new you should have one thing in a language student, you can never become too much attached to dictionaries;basic language skills do not come from dictionaries, but from your yourself to the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a learning
learning is one’s own business, which cannot rely on we know, learning is a process of accumulating is one’s life-long task, which cannot be accomplished in one move.a successful learner is an independent one who has both an indomitable(unyielding)will and amazing will try to discover his own way of d of waiting for the teacher’s help, he will make efforts to create favorable conditions on his own will certainly be of great help, if there is good environment, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions from teacher and beneficial even if one has got all these favorable conditions, one cannot be sure to succeed in the most important factor in learning consists in one’s own learn is rather a painstaking and persevering a man is a failure because he cannot bear such indispensable tting(never stopping)efforts can compensate for the lack of talents and thus enable one to get considerable progress in failure a bad thing?
failure is a common occurrence(happening)in our daily er we do, there are always two possible results: success or gh everyone wants to succeed in what he tries, sometimes failure can’t be ent people hold different attitudes towards faced with it, some can stand up to it, draw a useful lesson from it and try their best to fulfill what they are determined to , however, lose heart and give do nothing but complain about themselves and objective a popular saying goes, “failure teaches success.” in my opinion, what really counts is not the failure itself, but the proper attitude we should take after it.i trust that as long as we keep to what is right and correct what is wrong, that is to say, learn a lesson from failure, we will be certain to i am of the opinion that failure is not a bad thing.
背诵一百篇英语文章 背诵文章英文翻译篇三
unit1:the language of music a painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it.a composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is sional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them.a student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet s practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different s and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in ts are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for they have their own difficulties;the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless que is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any 2:schooling and education it is commonly believed in united states that school is where people go to get an heless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is ion is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than ion knows no can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished s schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises.a chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other are engaged in education from infancy ion, then, is a very broad, inclusive is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire ing, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the hout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.2
unit3:the defini tion of price prices determine how resources are to be are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among price system of the united states is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything one were to ask a group of randomly selected inspaniduals to define ―price‖, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market definition is, of course, valid as far as it a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given 4:electricity the modern age is an age of are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent , people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of ists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit living cell send out tiny pulses of the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record;they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at large numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be electric eel is an amazing storage can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live.(an electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.)as many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body.4
unit5:the beginning of drama there are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from argument for this view goes as the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the seasonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed ally stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear spanision was usually made between the “acting area” and the “auditorium.” in addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that g masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the sun-as an actor ally such dramatic representations were separated from religious r theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in ing to this vies tales(about the hunt, war, or other feats)are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person.a closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.5
unit6:television television-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer word “television”, derived from its greek(tele: distant)and latin(visi sight)roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or impulses, when fed into a receiver(television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same sion is more than just an electronic system, is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human field of television can be spanided into two categories determined by its means of , there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television , there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of inspaniduals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission ionally, television has been a medium of the are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, abc, nbc, and cbs, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.6
unit7:andrew carnegie andrew carnegie, known as the king of steel, built the steel industry in the united states, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their ie believed that inspaniduals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves.“he who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the carnegie institute of pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national also founded a school of technology that is now part of carnegie-mellon philanthrophic gifts are the carnegie endowment for international peace to promote understanding between nations, the carnegie institute of washington to fund scientific research, and carnegie hall to provide a center for the americans have been left untouched by andrew carnegie's contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.7
unit8:american revolution the american revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in france and russia, when both were already independent icant changes were ushered in, but they were not happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was a's war of independence heralded the birth of three modern was canada, which received its first large influx of english-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists who fled there from the united r was australia, which became a penal colony now that america was no longer available for prisoners and third newcomer-the united states-based itself squarely on republican even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might some states, notably connecticut and rhode island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already h officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptly sought a local substitute for king and parliament.8
unit9:suburbanization if by “suburb” is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and the early factories built in the 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial 1854, for example, the city of philadelphia annexed most of philadelphia r municipal maneuvers took place in chicago and in new , most great cities of the united states achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban middle class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.9
unit10:types of speech standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard uialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal all idiomatic expressions are colloquial , however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the uial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in uial speech often passes into standard slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang , the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society;second, a spanerse population with a large number of subgroups;third, association among the subgroups and the majority y, it is worth noting that the terms “standard” “colloquial” and “slang” exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang speakers of english will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.10
unit12:museums from boston to los angeles, from new york city to chicago to dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant new york city alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhereor selling off-works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum's space increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to e the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however,“ the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years,” according to philadelphia museum of art's president.11
unit14:a rare fossil record the preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be osaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to , their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur deposits at holzmaden, germany, present an interesting case for ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved osaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over embryos are quite advanced in their physical development;their paddles, for example, are already well specimen is even preserved in the birth addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches are there so many pregnant females and young at holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere the quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.12
unit15:the nobel academy for the last 82years, sweden's nobel academy has decided who will receive the nobel prize in literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the today the academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from s contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the academy and of sweden ing to ingmar bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent “what people call a very swedish exercise: reflecting swedish tastes.”
the academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the academy from outside may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the academy's inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in the literary less of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it;not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.13 unit16:the war between britain and france in the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of europe, as well as in the middle east, south africa ,the west indies, and latin reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between britain and other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and sought total domination of goal was obstructed by british independence and britain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart napoleon;through n built coalitions(not dissimilar in concept to today’s nato)guaranteeing british participation in all major european two antagonists were poorly matched, insofar as they had very unequal strengths;france was predominant on land, britain at french knew that, short of defeating the british navy, their only hope of victory was to close all the ports of europe to british ingly, france set out to overcome britain by extending its military domination from moscow t lisbon, from jutland to of this entailed tremendous risk, because france did not have the military resources to control this much territory and still protect itself and maintain order at strategists calculated that a navy of 150 ships would provide the force necessary to defeat the british a force would give france a three-to-two advantage over advantage was deemed necessary because of britain’s superior sea skills and technology because of britain’s superior sea skills and technology, and also because britain would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to win with fewer on never lost substantial impediment to his control of his force neared that goal, napoleon grew increasingly impatient and began planning an immediate attack.14
unit17:evolution of sleep sleep is very the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external ess sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast a fact that deep dream sleep is rare among pray today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart why should they sleep deeply at all why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in genera seem to sleep very is, by and large, no place to hide in the it be that, rather than increasing an animal’s vulnerability, the university of florida and ray meddis of london university have suggested this to be the is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quite on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.15
unit18:modern american universities before the 1850’s, the united states had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their hout europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of german university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not n mid-century and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to germany for advanced of them return to become presidents of venerable colleges-----harvard, yale, columbia---and transform them into modern new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of sors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of ng and learning by rote were replaced by the german method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in te training leading to the ph.d., an ancient german degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and president of harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of notion of major fields of study new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new ts were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.18现代美国大学
19世纪50年代以前美国有一些小的学院，大多数成立于殖民时期。它们是与教会挂钩的小机构，主要目的是培养学生的道德品行。当时在欧洲各地，高等教育机构已经发展起来，用的是一个古老的名称--大学。
德国已经发展出一种不同类型的大学。德国大学关心的主要是创造知识和传播知识，而不是道德教育。从世纪中叶到世纪末，有9000多名美国青年因不满国内所受的教育而赴德深造。他们中的一些人回国后成为一些知名学府--哈佛、耶鲁、哥伦比亚的校长并且把这些学府转变成了现代意义的大学。
新校长们断绝了和教会的关系，聘请了新型的教职员，聘用教授根据的是他们在学科方面的知识，而不是正确的信仰和约束学生的强硬手段。
新的原则是大学既要传播知识也要创造知识。这就需要由学者型老师组成教工队伍。靠死记硬背和做练习来学习的方法变为德国式的讲解方法。德 国式的讲解就是由教授讲授自己的研究课题。通过研究生性质的学习可以获得表明最高学术造诣的古老的德国学位--博士学位。
随着讨论课制度的建立，研究生们学会了提问、分析以及开展他们自己的研究。同时，新式大学学校规模和课程设臵完全突破了过去那种只
有数学、经典著作、美学和音乐的狭窄课程表。哈佛大学的校长率先推出选课制度，这样学生们就能选择自己的专业。主修领域的概念也出现了。新的目标是使大学对实际社会更有用。
密切关注着社会上的实际需求，新的大学着意培养学生解决问题的能力。工程系学生成为新式教育体制下最典型的学生。学生们还被培训成为经济学家、建筑师、农学家、社会工作人员以及教师。
unit19:children s numerical skills people appear to born to numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impress accuracy---one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five they are capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of thus mastered addition, they move on to seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual course, the truth is not so century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress en were observed as they slowly grasped-----or, as the case might be, bumped into-----concepts that adults take for quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short glass into a tall thin logists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers------the idea of a oneness，a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table-----is itself far from innate 18
19儿童的数学能力
人似乎生来就会计算。孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易让人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。
孩子们在学会走路和说话后不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布臵桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉子。很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。没有多久，他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是15把银餐具。
如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他们又转向减法。有一种设想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛
上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大麻烦。当然，事实并没有这么简单。
本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依赖的日常学习的微妙形式。他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的
过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的情况。比如：
孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时，水的数量没有变化。心理学家们而后又展示一个例子，即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。此类研究表明：数学基础是经过逐渐努力后掌握的。
他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。
unit20:the history significance of american revolution the ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement;yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of thomas jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of american revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern england became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern europe at the end of the eighteenth may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the atlantic ocean, but only in the north american colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new , in the popular rising against a ―tyrannical‖ government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or the american nation, for the first time, a nation was born, not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.20
20美国革命的历史意义
历史的进程是如此错综复杂，人类行为的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危险的。
然而以托马斯•杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊的例子。
在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活方式。美国独立战争成为联结17世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和18世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒的纽带。历史的行程需要跨越大西洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。
这里，反对“暴政”的民众起义的成果不仅是获得一个包含更多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。由于有了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。
unit21:the origin of sports when did sport begin if sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts and cats wrestle and play ball and birds apes have simple, pleasurable king infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh(or so it seems)to the point of delighted play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of is a grand conception that excites and holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments----liturgy, literature, and law----can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.22
21体育的起源
体育运动开始于何时如果体育运动的本质就是游戏的话，我们就可以宣称体育运动比人类古老，因为正如我们所观察到的，野兽也进行嬉戏。狗和猫会扭抱玩球，鱼和鸟翩翩起舞，猿类会进行一些简单的、愉快的游戏。雀跃的幼儿，捉迷藏的学童和成年摔跤者展示出人与动物界的有力的跨越世代与物种的永恒的联系--特别是幼兽，它们翻筋斗、追逐、奔跑、扭打、模仿、嬉笑(或者看起来是)，直到愉快地精疲力尽。他们的玩耍，同我们的一样，似乎并没有别的目的而只是给游戏者以愉悦，暂时把我们从严肃生活的痛苦中拉出来。一些哲学家称我们的嬉戏是我们本质中最崇高的部分。
依他们这些随意性很大的见解，游戏无害而且实验性地允许我们的创造力、幻想和想象发挥作用。游戏让人们从永不间断亦不可避免的生活悲剧-与乏匮和衰退进行的枯燥抗争中得到一种解脱。这是一个令人兴奋、给人启发的伟大见解。这种见解的持有者宣称，我们的最高成就如宗教典礼、文学、法律的起源可以追溯到游戏的冲动。但令人不解的是我们看到只有幼兽和小孩子才最纯粹地享受着这种冲动。从这种比较豁达和非宿命的人性观来看，我们的运动是超时代、跨物种的辉煌的创造。
unit22:collectibles collectibles have been a part of almost every culture since ancient s some objects have been collected for their usefulness, others have been selected for their aesthetic beauty the united states, the kinds of collectibles currently popular range from traditional objects such as stamps, coins, rare books, and art to more recent items of interest like dolls, bottles, baseball cards, and comic st in collectibles has increased enormously during the past decade, in part because some collectibles have demonstrated their value as ally during cycles of high inflation, investors try to purchase tangibles that will at least retain their current market general, the most traditional collectibles will be sought because they have preserved their value over the years, there is an organized auction market for them, and they are most easily sold in the event that cash is examples of the most stable collectibles are old masters, chinese ceramics, stamps, coins, rare books, antique jewelry, silver, porcelain, art by well-known artists, autographs, and period items of more recent interest include old photograph records, old magazines, post cards, baseball cards, art glass, dolls, classic cars, old bottles, and comic relatively new kinds of collectibles may actually appreciate faster as short-term investments, but may not hold their value as long-term a collectible has had its initial play, it appreciates at a fairly steady rate, supported by an increasing number of enthusiastic collectors competing for the limited supply of collectibles that become increasingly more difficult to locate.24
unit23:ford although henry ford’s name is closely associated with the concept of mass production, he should receive equal credit for introducing labor practices as early as 1913 that would be considered advanced even by today’s measures were improved, and the work day was reduced to eight hours, compared with the ten-or twelve-hour day common at the order to accommodate the shorter work day, the entire factory was converted from two to three addition, sick leaves as well as improved medical care for those injured on the job were ford motor company was one of the first factories to develop a technical school to train specialized skilled laborers and an english language school for efforts were even made to hire the handicapped and provide jobs for former most widely acclaimed innovation was the five-dollar-a-day minimum wage that was offered in order to recruit and retain the best mechanics and to discourage the growth of labor explained the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit also mentioned the fact that his employees would be able to purchase the automobiles that they produced – in effect creating a market for the order to qualify for the minimum wage, an employee had to establish a decent home and demonstrate good personal habits, including sobriety, thriftiness, industriousness, and gh some criticism was directed at ford for involving himself too much in the personal lives of his employees, there can be no doubt that, at a time when immigrants were being taken advantage of in frightful ways, henry ford was helping many people to establish themselves in america.25
23亨利•福特
尽管亨利•福特的名字和大生产的概念相连，但他在劳工保护上得到同样的赞誉，因为他早在1913年便实行了用今天的标准来衡量依然是先进的标准。安全措施得到改进，日工作时间从当时普遍的10或12小时减少到8小时。为了适应更短的日工作时间，整个工厂从双班变成了三班。而且，病假和改善了的工伤医疗得以制度化。福特汽车公司是最早建立技术学校来培训专门技工和为移民开设英语学校的工厂之一。公司甚至为雇佣残疾人和有前科的人而作出了一些努力。最受广泛称赞的革新是实行五美元一天的最低工资。其目的是招收和留住那些最好的技工并阻碍工会的发展。
福特从效率和利润分享的角度来解释这项新的工资政策。他也提到这样一个事实，他的员工可以买他们生产的汽车--这实际上是为其产品另开辟了一个市场。为了够资格得到最低工资，员工必须建立一个得体的家庭并显示出良好的个人习惯，包括节制、俭省、勤勉和可靠。虽然有人批评福特过多地干涉 了员工的私人生活，但毫无疑问，在移民们被用恶劣的方式剥削的时代，亨利•福特却帮助了许多人在美国扎下根来。
unit25:movie music accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as ―silent‖, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment;when the lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the united states in february 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films;an accompaniment of any kind was a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small orchestras were a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical the conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the greatest help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of publishing suggestions for musical 1909, for example, the edison company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as ― pleasant‖, ―sad‖, ―lively‖.the suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led into the n films had music especially composed for most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for d.w griffith’s film birth of a nation, which was released in 1915.27 电影插曲
尽管我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影称为“无声电影”，但是就无声这个词完整的意义上来说，电影从未真正的无声过，从最初开始音乐就被视为必不可少的伴奏。当卢米埃尔的电影在1896年2月美国首届影片公映展览上放映的时候，影片便用当时的流行曲临场钢琴伴奏。最初，这些音乐伴奏与电影没有什么特别的关系，用什么曲子伴奏都行。但在很短的时间内，为一部庄重的影片演奏快活的音乐所产生的不协调感变得显而易见，因此钢琴家们开始注意将自己的作品与影片的情调结合起来。
随着影剧院在数量上与重要性上的不断增长，在一些场合，除了钢琴师外，还要加上小提琴师，或许还有一位大提琴师。较大的影剧院里还组成了小型的管弦乐队。在很长的时间内，为各部影片选择配乐完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常把持这种职位的资格不是技巧或鉴赏品味，而是拥有一个大的音乐作品的个人收藏。因为直到电影上映的前一天晚上乐队指挥才能看到影片(如果这个指挥真正有幸能够看到影片的话)，音乐安排通常是在非常匆忙的情况下临场进行的。为了解决以上的困难，电影发行公司开办了为音乐伴奏印制提示单的业务。例如1909年爱迪生公司开始将一些诸如“喜悦的”、“悲伤的”、“活泼的”之类表明影片情调特征的提示与影片一起发行。
这些提示逐渐变得更加具体，并且出现了包括影片情调说明、适用乐曲名称和乐曲转换点等内容的配乐说明单。某些影片拥有专门为其创作的音乐。这些早期特创乐谱中最著名的便是为d.w.格雷夫斯1915年上映的影片《一个国家的诞生》所创作的音乐。
note: 美国通俗音乐分类： ;1)traditional jazz----a)blues, 代表人物：billy holiday b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：scott joplin c)new orleans jazz(= dixieland jazz)eg: louis armstron d)swing eg: glenn miller, duke ellington, etc.e)bop(=bebop, rebop)eg: lester young, charlie parker etc.28 2)modern jazz------a)cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。eg: kenny g.b)third-stream : charles mingus, john lewis.c)main stream jazz.d)avant-garde jazz.e)soul : sarah vaughn, ella fitzgerald
f)latin music 福音音乐，主要源于nero parker, mahalia jackson y and western denver, tammy wynette, kenny rogers, music-----------a)rock and roll eg: elvis prestley(us), the beatles(uk.)
b)folk rock eg: bob dylon, michael jackson, mariah carey, bruce springsteen, lionel riche etc.c)punk rock
d)acid rock
e)rock jazz eg: hlin
f)jurassic rock for easy listening( music)29 unit26:international business and cross-cultural communication the increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural ans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign ating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the many international business negotiations abroad, americans are perceived as wealthy and often appears to the foreign negotiator that the american represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining american negotiator’s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and studies of american negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator’s traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the american rmore, american negotiators often insist on realizing short-term n negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.30
国际商业和跨文化交流
国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。然而，美国人在这两方面未得到良好的训练，因此没有在国际谈判中象他们的外国对手一样成功。谈判是为了达成协议而反复交流的过程。它包括说服和妥协。
但是为了去进行说服和妥协，谈判者必须懂得在谈判的文化中怎样说服人和怎样达成妥协。在国外的国际商务谈判中，美国人被视为富有和不带个人情感。在外国谈判者看来，似乎美国人代表着一个庞大的拥有数百万资财的大企业，不用进一步地讨价还价就能出得起价钱。
美国谈判者的角色变成了一个没有个人感情的信息及现金的供应者。对在国外的美国谈判者的研究中，我们找出了损害谈判者能力的几个特点，或许证实这个已成定式的看法。尤其引起跨文化误解的两个特点是美国谈判者的直截了当和缺乏耐心。此外，美国谈判者经常坚持实现短期目标，而外国的谈判者会珍视建立谈判者之间的联系并愿意为长期利益投入时间。
为了巩固这种联系，他们会选择非直接的交流而不计较投入用于了解对方的时间。明显地，价值观的不同和理解上的差异影响了谈判的结果和谈判者的成功与否。美国人要在国际商务谈判中扮演更为有效的角色，他们就必须投入更多的努力提高跨文化的理解力。
unit27:scientific theories in science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.a theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.a good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.a useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the observations confirm the scientist’s predictions, the theory is observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search re may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or e involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing by themselves are not the mathematician jules henri poincare said, ―science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.‖
most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable le solutions to the problem are possible solutions are called a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the extends the scientist’s thinking beyond the known scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test t hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.32
科学理论
在科学中，理论是对所观察到的相关事件的合理解释。理论通常包含一个虚构的模型，这个模型帮助科学家构想所观察到的事件是如何发生的。分子运动理论便是我们能找到的一个很好的例子。在这个理论中，气体被描绘成由许多不断运动的小颗粒组成。一个有用的理论，除了能够解释过去的观测，还有助于预测那些未被观测到的事件。一个理论公开后，科学家们设计实验来检验这个理论。如果观察证实了科学家的预言，这个理论则得到了验证。如果观察不能证实科学家的预言，科学家就必须进一步的研究。或许是实验存在错误，或许是这个理论必须被修改或抛弃。
科学家除了收集信息和操作实验外还需要想象能力和创/造性思维。事实本身并不是科学。正如数学家乔斯亨利波恩克尔所说：“科学建立在事实之上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但事实的收集不能被称作科学，就像一堆砖不能被叫作房子一样。
”多数科学家通过找出别的科学家在一个特定问题上的所知来开始研究。在收集了已知事实之后，科学家开始了研究中需要相当想像力的部分。他们尔后拟订对这个问题的可行的解决方法。这些可行的解决方式被称为假设。
在某种意义上，任何假设都是向未知的跳跃。它使科学家的思维超越已知事实。科学家计划实验、计算、观测以检验假定。若没有假设，进一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。当假设被证实了，就成为理论的一部分。
unit28:changing roles of public education one of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the the 1920's, but especially in the depression conditions of the 1930's, the united states experienced a declining birth rate---every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946,106.2 in 1950, and 118 in gh economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by public school system suddenly found itself the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and er, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the ore in the 1950’s and 1960’s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school uently, the ― custodial rhetoric‖ of the 1930’s and early 1940’s no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.34 公共教育的角色变化一项重要的、有可能促使人们对公共教育的角色的看法发生转变的社会发展是本世纪五六十年代的生育高峰对学校的影响。在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大萧条中，美国经历了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年龄在15岁至45岁的妇女生下大约118个存活婴儿，1930年89.2个，1936年75.8个，1940年80个。随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人更早地结婚成家，而且比前辈养育更大的家庭。1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年达106%，1955年达118%。对于生育高峰，经济有可能是最重要的决定因素，但它并不是唯一的解释。不断受到重视的家庭观念也有助于解释出生率的上升。到40年代中期为止，这些生育高峰出生的孩子们开始源源不断地进入小学一年级。到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。公共教育系统突然感到不堪重负了。由于战时和战后的状况，使得学龄儿童人数增加，这些状况使得学校面对这股洪流更加措手不及。战时经济意味着在1940年到1950年间几乎没有建立新学校。而且，在战时和随后的经济增长时期，大量的教师离开岗位去别处从事报酬更为优厚的工作。
因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰冲击着陈旧而不完备的学校体系。这样一来，30年代以及40年代早期，“监护理论”就不再有意义了。也就是说，通过使16岁以上的年轻人留在学校不进入劳动力市场的做法再也不是教育机构的优先考虑了。因为教育机构不再能找到场地和教师来教育那些更小的5-16岁的孩子。随着生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士对教育的兴趣和焦点，不可避免地转向了更低的年级和基础的学术技能和学科上。这个系统不再有浓厚的兴趣给较年长的年轻人提供非传统的新式的和额外的服务。
unit29:telecommuting telecommuting--substituting the computer for the trip to the job----has been hailed as a solution to all kinds of problems related to office workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizes tardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling some areas, such as southern california and seattle, washington, local governments are encouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hour congestion and improve air these benefits do not come a telecommuting program work requires careful planning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popular workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter.a computer programmer from new york city moves to the tranquil adirondack mountains and stays in contact with her office via computer.a manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home the other accountant stays home to care for her sick child;she hooks up her telephone modern connections and does office work between calls to the are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of mmuting workers soon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child at the same a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, the necessary boundaries between work and onal child support is necessary if the parent is to get any work ment too must separate the myth from the gh the media has paid a great deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee’s situation, not the availability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting is partly why, despite the widespread press coverage, the number of companies with work-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.36
电子交通
电子交通--用电脑取代上班的往返--作为对各种各样的办公室工作问题的解决办法已受到了欢迎。
对工作者来说，它承诺不受办公室的约束，更少的时间浪费在交通上和有助于解决照看小孩的矛盾。对管理者来说，电子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通过省去办公室与家之间的来回往返，大大减少工作拖拉和旷工，给予管理者独处的时间来完成需要高度集中精神的任务，为管理者提供灵活的时间安排。在一些地区，如南加利福尼亚和西雅图、华盛顿，地方政府鼓励公司开始电子交通计划以减少交通高峰时的塞车和提高空气质量。
但这些益处也来之不易。要使电子交通成功需要仔细的计划并且理解电子交通的现实状况和流行的想象之间的区别。许多工作者被电子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。一位电脑程序设计员从纽约市搬到了宁静的阿第伦达克山，用电脑保持与她办公室之间的联系。一位经理一周三天到办公室，其他两天在家工作；一位会计师在家照顾她生病的孩子，接通电话调制解调器的接头，在同医生通话之余完成办公室工作。
这些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是对现实有限的反映。电子交通者很快发现在同一时间专注工作和照看小孩几乎是不可能的。在某个年龄之前，小孩子不可能意识到，更不可能尊重工作与家庭之间的界限。如果家长要完成工作，就必须另外照看小孩。
管理阶层必须把现实同神话分开。虽然传媒对电子交通投入了极大的关注，但在很大程度上，是员工的实际情况而不是技术的可能性促成电子交通的安排。这就是为什么尽管有广泛的报导，具有在家工作项目或行动纲领的公司数目依然很少的部分原因。
unit30:the origin of refrigerators by the mid-nineteenth century, the term ―icebox‖ had entered the american language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the united ice trade grew with the growth of was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and the civil war(1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household before 1880,half of the ice sold in new york, philadelphia, and baltimore, and one-third of that sold in boston and chicago, went to families for their own had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the heless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient as early as 1803, and ingenious maryland farmer, thomas moore, had been on the right owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of washington, for which the village of georgetown was the market he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound advantage of his icebox, moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.38
冰箱的由来
直到19世纪中期，“冰箱”这个名词才进入了美国语言，但冰仅仅只是开始影响美国普通市民的饮食。冰的买卖随着城市的发展而发展。冰被用在旅馆、酒馆、医院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、鱼和黄油的保鲜。内战(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏货车，同时也进入了民用。甚至在1880年前，半数在纽约、费城和巴尔的摩销售的冰，三分之一在波士顿和芝加哥销售的冰进入家庭使用，因为一种新的家庭设备，冰箱，即现代冰箱的前身，被发明了。
制造一台有效率的冰箱不像我们想象的那么简单。19世纪早期，关于对冷藏科学至关重要的热物理知识是很浅陋的。认为最好的冰箱应该防止冰的融化这样一个普遍的观点显然是错误的，因为正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。早期为节省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起来，使得冰不能发挥它的作用。直到近19世纪末，发明家们才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精确的隔热和循环的精确平衡。
但早在1803年，一位有发明天才的马里兰农场主，托马斯莫尔，找到了正确方法。他拥有一个农场，离华盛顿约20英里，那里的乔治镇村庄是集市中心。当他用自己设计的冰箱运送黄油去市场时，他发现顾客们会走过装在竞争者桶里那些迅速融化的黄油而给他比市价更高的价格买他仍然新鲜坚硬，整齐地切成一磅一块的黄油。莫尔说他的冰箱的一个好处是使得农民们不必在夜里
背诵一百篇英语文章 背诵文章英文翻译篇四
几篇优美的背诵英文文章
第一篇：
a grain of sand
一粒沙子
william blake/ 威廉.布莱克
to see a world in a grain of sand，and a heaven in a wild fllower，hold infinity in the palm of your hand，and eternity in an hour.从一粒沙子看到一个世界，从一朵野花看到一个天堂，把握在你手心里的就是无限，永恒也就消融于一个时辰。
第二篇：
love your life
热爱生活
henry david thoreau/ 享利.大卫.梭罗
however mean your life is,meet it and live it;do not shun it and call it hard is not so bad as you looks poorest when you are fault-finder will find faults in your life,poor as it may perhaps have some pleasant,thrilling,glorious hourss,even in a setting sun is reflected from the windows of the alms-house as brightly as from the rich man's abode;the snow melts before its door as early in the spring.i do not see but a quiet mind may live as contentedly there,and have as cheering thoughts,as in a town's poor seem to me often to live the most independent lives of be they are simply great enough to receive without think that they are above being supported by the town;but it often happens that they are not above supporting themselves by dishonest should be more
ate poverty like a garden herb,like not trouble yourself much to get new things,whether clothes or friends,turn the old,return to do not change;we your clothes and keep your thoughts.不论你的生活如何卑 *，你要面对它生活，不要躲避它，更别用恶言咒骂它。它不像你那样坏。你最富有的时候，倒是看似最穷。爱找缺点的人就是到天堂里也能找到缺点。你要爱你的生活，尽管它贫穷。甚至在一个济贫院里，你也还有愉快、高兴、光荣的时候。夕阳反射在济贫院的窗上，像身在富户人家窗上一样光亮；在那门前，积雪同在早春融化。我只看到，一个从容的人，在哪里也像在皇宫中一样，生活得心满意足而富有愉快的思想。城镇中的穷人，我看，倒往往是过着最独立不羁的生活。也许因为他们很伟大，所以受之无愧。大多数人以为他们是超然的，不 * 城镇来支援他们；可是事实上他们是往往利用了不正当的手段来对付生活，他们是毫不超脱的，毋宁是不体面的。视贫穷如园中之花而像圣人一样耕植它吧！不要找新的花样，无论是新的朋友或新的衣服，来麻烦你自己。找旧的，回到那里去。万物不变，是我们在变。你的衣服可以卖掉，但要保留你的思想。
第三篇：
the bright,the beautiful, 一切纯洁的,辉煌的,美丽的，that stirred our hearts in youth, 强烈地震撼着我们年轻的心灵的, the impulses to wordless prayer, 推动着我们做无言的祷告的 , the dreams of love and truth;让我们梦想着爱与真理的
;the longing after something's lost, 在失去后为之感到珍惜的 , the spirit's yearning cry, 使灵魂深切地呼喊着的 , the striving after better hopesthese things can never die.这些美好不会消逝。
the timid hand stretched forth to aid 羞怯地伸出援助的手，a brother in his need, 在你的弟兄需要的时候，a kindly word in grief's dark hour 伤恸、困难的时候，一句亲切的话
that proves a friend indeed;就足以证明朋友的真心；
the plea for mercy softly breathed, 轻声地乞求怜悯，when justice threatens nigh, 在审判临近的时候，the sorrow of a contrite heart-懊悔的心有一种伤感
--these things shall never die.这些美好不会消逝。
let nothing pass for every hand 在人间传递温情
must find some work to do;尽你所能地去做；
lose not a chance to waken love-别错失去了唤醒爱的良机
-----be firm,and just ,and true;为人要坚定，正直，忠诚；
so shall a light that cannot fade 因此上方照耀着你的那道光芒
beam on thee from on high.就不会消失。
and angel voices say to thee---你将听到天使的声音在说
-----these things shall never die.这些美好不会消逝。
第五篇
the life i desired
我所追求的生活
that must be the story of innumerable couples,and the pattern of life of life it offers has a homely reminds you of a placid rivulet,meandering smoohtly through green pastures and shaded by pleasant trees,till at last it falls into the vasty sea;but the sea is so calm,so silent,so infifferent,that you are troubled suddently by a vague s it is only by a kink in my nature,strong in me even in those days,that i felt in such an existence,the share of the great majority,something a miss.i recognized its social value.i saw its ordered happiness,but a fever in my blood asked for a wilder seemed to me something alarming in such easy my heart was desire to live more dangerously.i was not unprepared for jagged rocks and treacherous,shoals it i could only have change-change and the exicitement of unforeseen.这一定是世间无数对夫妻的生活写照，这种生活模式给人一种天伦之美。它使人想起一条平静的溪流，蜿蜒畅游过绿茵的草场，浓荫遮蔽，最后注入烟波浩渺的汪洋大海；但是大海太过平静，太过沉默，太过不动声色，你会突然感到莫名的不安。也许这只是我自己的一种怪诞想法，在那样的时代，这想法对我影响很深：我觉得这像大多数人一样的生活，似乎欠缺了一点儿什么。我承认这种生活有社会价值，我也看到了它那井然有序的幸福，但我血液里的冲动却渴望一种更桀骜不驯的旅程．这样的安逸中好像有一种叫我惊惧不安的东西．我的心渴望一种更加惊险的生活。只要生活中还能有变迁———以及不可知的刺激，我愿意踏上怪石嶙峋的山崖，奔赴暗礁满布的海滩。
the road not taken by robert frost two roads spanerged in a yellow wood, and sorry i could not travel both and be one traveler, long i stood and looked down one as far as i could to where it bent in the took the other, as just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim, because it was grassy and wanted wear;though as for that the passing there had worn them really about the both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black oh, i kept the first for another day!yet knowing how way leads on to way, i doubted if i should even come back.i shall be telling this with a sigh somewhere ages and ages hence: two roads spanerged in a wood, and i---i took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference 未 选 择 的 路
（美）弗罗斯特
黄色的树林里分出两条路，可惜我不能同时去涉足，我在那路口久久伫立，我向着一条路极目望去，直到它消失在丛林深处。
但我却选了另外一条路，它荒草萋萋，十分幽寂，显得更诱人、更美丽，虽然在这两条小路上，都很少留下旅人的足迹，虽然那天清晨落叶满地，两条路都未经脚印污染。呵，留下一条路等改日再见！但我知道路径延绵无尽头，恐怕我难以再回返。
也许多少年后在某个地方，我将轻声叹息把往事回顾，一片树林里分出两条路，而我选了人迹更少的一条，从此决定了我一生的道路。
《假如生活欺骗了你》英文版
if by life you were deceived, don't be dismal, don't be wild!in the day of grief, be mild merry days will come, is living in tomorrow;present is dejected here;in a moment, passes sorrow;that which passes will be dear
