范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。范文书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们一起来看一看吧。
长难句100句考研篇一
有些汉字,比如“明““解“等属于合成字。“日“即太阳,是白天光明的来源;“月“即月亮,是黑夜光明的来源;所以“明“就“日“和“月“两个字合成而来。 又,古时候人们宰牛是将“刀“放在“牛“的“角“后开始将其解体的,所以,“解“字就由“角““刀和“牛“三个字合成而来。在英语词汇里有与此类似的合成 词,这些合成词是由两个或两个以上的具有独立意义的子词组合而成的,而且合成词的意义通常就是其构成中子词意义的叠加与复合。根据子词与合成词的内在关系记忆英语单词,就好比是对合成汉字进行“以形说义“一样。所以,我们把合成记忆法看作是英语单词“说文解字“之一。
1. football n. 足球,足球比赛〔foot脚、足,ball球;主要靠脚踢来进行的球赛〕
2. himself pron. 他自己,他亲自〔him他,self自己〕
3. overcome vt. 战胜,克服〔over越过,come来;努力地越过各种障碍而来〕
4. sometime ad. 将来某个时候,过去某个时候〔some某一,time时候〕
5. widespread a. 分布广的,散布广的〔wide宽广的,spread散布、蔓延〕
就像汉字由偏旁部首组成一样,许多英语单词也是由词根、词缀按照一定的逻辑联系构成的。单词数量虽然浩瀚如海,但常用的词根、词缀数量和汉字的偏旁部首差不多,只有二三百个。若利用词根、词缀对英语单词进行构词分析和解形释义,单词既好认又好记,词义一目了然。如果像归纳分析同部汉字那样归纳分析同根的英语单词,还可举一反三,触类旁通,很快地记住一组组的单词。这方面,构词分析法与汉字的“以形说义“有异曲同工之妙,可以说是英语单词的“说文解字“之二。
词根是一个单词的核心部分,它表示单词的基本词义。有的词根能单独使用而成为单词,叫做“自由词根“或“根词“。前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分,它具有一定的含义,能改变、限制或加强词根和单词的含义。前缀的表示方式是在字母或字母组合后面加一短横,如in-。后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分,对词根和单词的意义进行补充。常用的后缀有名词后缀、动词后缀、副词后缀和形容词后缀四种形式。后缀的表示方式是在字母或字母组合前面加附一短横,如-er。中缀是在单词里起连接作用的字母或字母组合。
1. advise vt. 劝告,建议〔前缀ad-对、向,词根vis看,-e动词后缀;就某件事应该如何做向别人提出自己的看法〕
2. invisible a. 看不见的,无形的〔前缀in-不、无,词根vis看,形容词后缀-ible可…的;不可能被看见的〕
3. revise vt. 复习,修改〔前缀re-再、又,词根vis看,-e动词后缀;为了究错而再次查看〕
4. television n. 电视,电视机〔词根tele远,词根vis看,-ion名词后缀;通过电波由远处传来可供观看的图像〕
5. visual a. 看得见的,视觉的〔词根vis看,形容词后缀-ual…的;看得见的
注意:① 同一词根或词缀有变体形式,词根、词缀也存在着同形异义、异形同义的情况。②读者在初学时不宜孤立地背记词根和词缀,要在常用词汇的构词分析中循序渐进,日积月累地学习和记忆词根、词缀等构词知识,否则越学越糊涂。凡是能用词根和词缀记忆的单词,都一一进行了详细的构词分析,读者可以在潜 移默化的过程中牢记那些难以掌握的词根和词缀。
我们稍微留心一下就会发现,尽管汉字和英语单词是两种截然不同的语言文字,但它们有着共同的表现形式:汉语拼音字母与英文字母同形。这就使得某些汉字的拼音字母组合(对无关紧要的拼音声符进行省略)与一些英语单词的英文字母组合恰好相同。对于常用的汉字,我们已基本上烂熟于心,若利用汉语拼音为中介与英语单词进行奇特联想,就能既快又牢地记住英语单词。
我们都知道,汉语里有异音异义的同形字,英语里有异音异义的同形词,而我们这里采用的可以说是一种特殊的 “汉英同形字词记忆法“。在此,我们将汉语拼音比作梯子,记住了单词喻为上楼,故称为“借梯上楼法“。
1. ban n. 禁令,禁止〔颁〈ban〉布禁令〕
2. die v. 死,死亡〔谍〈die〉报工作危险,多是九死一生〕
3. hang vi. 悬挂,吊着〔吊着嗓子,引吭〈hang〉高歌〕
4. pin n. 别针,针饰〔针饰是精品〈pin〉〕
5. song n. 歌曲,歌声〔送〈song〉你一首歌〕
长难句100句考研篇二
the relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61)(61)the greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in europe long before people realized how spanerse language could be.
only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different rom their anthropologists—linguists,franz boas and edward sapir,were pioneers in describing many native languages of north and south america during the first half of the twentieth century.
(62)we are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished,as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native linguists in the earlier part of this century,however,who were less eager to deal with bizarre(古怪的)data from“exotic(外来的)”language,were not always so grateful. (63)the newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the wellstudied languages of europe and southeast asia that some scholars even accused boas and sapir of fabricating their american languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that navajo could be used by the us military as a code during world warⅱto sand secret messages.
sapir’s pupil,benjamin lee whorf,continued the study of american indian languages. (64)being interested in the relationship of the language and thought,whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language,the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65)whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which,in its
这里的“形”指的是从比较中总结这类句子的特点。长难句其实并不难,它仅仅是将多个从句或者较复杂的从句呈现在了考生面前,只要了解考查点,熟悉从句几种形式,再复杂的长句也称不上难句了。
长难句的一般形式包括名词性从句,形容词性从句(即定语从句),状语从句。其中,名词性从句又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
为了同学们更便于理解,接下来给大家分别举几个例子助“消化”。
例一:robert fulton once wrote, "the mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
【句子主干】
robert fulton once wrote, “the mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
【语法难点】
1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
【句子翻译】
罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
【翻译技巧】
如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
例二:such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business。
【句子主干】
such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
【语法难点】
本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representing… ,另一个是(which was)detached…。
可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。