人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退，写作可以弥补记忆的不足，将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来，也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文书写有哪些要求呢？我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢？这里我整理了一些优秀的范文，希望对大家有所帮助，下面我们就来了解一下吧。
三孔导游词讲解篇一
在来山东曲阜之前,许多朋友可能已对山东曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分详细,现在,我就在进入景点之前,先把山东曲阜和孔子的情况简要介绍一下。
山东曲阜位于中国山东省西南部，现有人中62万其中城区人口10万，面积约890平方公里。“山东曲阜”二字始见于《尔雅》一书，东汉应邵解释说：鲁城中有阜，委曲长七八里，故名“山东曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年，也就是公元1012年，为了纪念中华民族的始祖轩辕黄帝出生在山东曲阜，曾一度改名“仙源”县，金太宗天会7年(公元1129年)，又复名山东曲阜，沿用至今。山东曲阜是一个小城，然而，山东曲阜又是一座有着五千年文明史的文化古城，在这片神圣而又古老的土地上，中国远古传说中的三皇五帝，竟有四人在这里留下了踪迹。据《史记》、《帝王世纪》等史书记载：“黄帝生于寿丘”，“少昊自穷桑登帝位，称都山东曲阜，崩葬云阳山”，现在山东曲阜城东8里，仍留下座金字塔式的坟墓--少昊陵。中国有句俗话说道“人往高处走，水往低处流”，我们是不是可以理解为我们中华民族的祖先从这里，从黄河中下游向中原，向黄土高原迁徙的过程，而我们的母亲之河，黄河、长江，从黄土高原之上奔腾而下，一泻千里，最后汇入大海呢!中国还有句古话叫“江南出才子，江北出圣人”，实际上，江北的圣人几乎全出自山东曲阜。在中国封建时代，受到皇帝赐封的圣人一共有6位，他们分别为至圣孔子、亚圣孟子、复圣颜子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公，头4位都出生在山东曲阜，后两位一位是孔子的弟子，一位是封地在山东曲阜，周公的后世33代曾在鲁国为国君，至今山东称鲁，即起于此。现在山东曲阜地上地下文物众多，文化灿烂，有国家级文物古迹4处，省级11处，市级100余处。1982年山东曲阜被国务院公布为全国首批24个历史文化名城之一，1994年山东曲阜“三孔”被联合国正式列为世界文化遗产。由于山东曲阜对东方文化的重要贡献，不少人称山东曲阜为世界三大圣城之一：“东方的麦加”。在这里，您不得不沉思，也不能不感奋，因为这里深扎着中华民族的根，深扎着中国传统文化的根。
各位朋友，在中国，在东方这片有着五千年文明历史的土地上，你也许读不懂青铜器上的铭文，也许不理解人头兽身表现什么，象征什么。但是，当你走进中国人民的生活，行走在中华民族繁衍生息、劳动创造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接触到中国人民在日常生活中流露出来的儒家文化的气息，你便能由此体验到中国人民与其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、风土人情和理想道德的差异。无论你从哪个角度，哪个层次去探究中华民族的个性与品格，都不难发现儒家文化的基因，在漫长的历史演进过程中，儒家文化几乎成了中国传统文化的代名词。而儒家文化的创始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋时代鲁国人，也就是山东曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73岁。孔子3岁时，父亲叔梁纥去世，16岁时，母亲颜征在去世，少年孔子成了孤儿，开始了他在等级森严的封建社会中独自谋生、学习和奋斗的一生。
孔子少年发奋自学，勤而好问，青年时代便掌握了参与贵族政治必须熟悉的礼、乐、射、御、书、数六艺，进而掌握了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》六经的内容，为创立儒家文化奠定了基础。
孔子30岁设学授徒，开始了漫长的教育生涯，他首开中国私人讲学、面向民众，提倡“有教无类”之风，成为中国第一位，也是世界上第一位伟大的教育家。
孔子51岁时，才做了中都县令，后来曾在鲁摄相事，然而时间不长，他便辞了官，离开鲁国开始了他长达14年的周游列国之行。
孔子在68岁时回到鲁国，他把几乎全部精力放在了教学和文献整理上，一直到死。孔子的一生是颠沛流离，饱经忧患的一生，是艰苦卓绝、激励奋发的一生，是春风化雨，培育英才的一生，是著书立说，济时救世的一生。如今，他的躯体虽已灰飞烟灭，但他的思想，却潜入每个东方人的心灵，他熔铸了中华民族的个性和品格，随着历史的发展和社会的进步，孔子还将引导着人类，跨向21世纪。
山东曲阜的文物古迹和旅游景点很多，大部分与孔子和孔子文化有关。现在我们所在的位置是山东曲阜明故城的正南门外，城门的北面是被称为中国三大古建筑群之一的孔庙。城门的正上方有“万仞宫墙”4个大字。“仞”是古代的长度单位，一仞约等于8尺。据说，有人称赞孔子的弟子子贡很有学问，子贡听说以后，就说：“人的学问好比宫墙，我的学问只有墙头这么高，人们一看便会看见墙内的一切，而我的老师孔子的这道墙有数仞，不找到它的门是不能看到墙内宗庙之美丽、房舍的多种多样”。后人为表达对孔子的敬仰，明代胡缵宗就写了“万仞宫墙”4个字镶在城门上，清代乾隆皇帝为了显示自己对孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，换上了自己写的“万仞宫墙”4个大字。这就是“万仞宫墙”的来历。
孔庙是后人为祭祀孔子而修建的庙宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面积有327.5亩，仿皇宫之制，分九进院落，左右对称排列，整个建筑群共有五殿、一阁、一坛、两庑、两堂、17座碑亭、54座门坊共466间，南北长约1公里。孔庙恢宏壮丽，面积之大，历史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔庙大门东墙外面有“官员人等至此下马”的碑刻，过去，任何官员至此，武官要下马，文官要下轿，以表示对孔子的尊重。
孔庙的第一座石坊叫“金声玉振坊”。孟子对孔子曾有过这样的评价，他说：“孔子之谓集大成，集大成者，金声而玉振之也”。“金声、玉振”表示奏乐的全过程，以击钟开始，以击磐告终，比喻孔子的思想集古圣先贤之大成。石坊上面莲花宝座上各刻有一个独角怪兽称“辟邪”，也叫“朝天吼”，这是封建社会王爵府第才可使用的饰物。
孔庙第一道门叫“棂星门”。“棂星”又名天田星，古人祭天，先要祭棂星。“棂星门”三个字为乾隆所书。“太和元气”坊同“金声玉振”坊差不多，题字为明代山东巡抚曾铣手书，赞颂孔子思想如同天地生育万物。此院东西各有一座腰门，东边上书“德侔天地一样大，他的学说古今来说都是最好的”。这座门叫“圣时门”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可测之感。“圣时”二字，取《孟子.万章下》，“孔子，圣之时者也”句，意思是说，在圣人之中，孔子是最适合时代者。
过圣时门迎面小石桥，叫“璧水桥”，桥两侧偏南各有一座门，东门叫“快睹门”，是先睹为快的意思，西门叫“仰高门”赞颂孔子的学问十分高深。我们进入的大门，称“弘道门”，这三个字取自《论语.卫星公》“人能弘道”的句子，以此来赞颂孔子阐发了尧舜汤和文武周公之“道”。这道门也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)时孔庙的大门。再往后是“大中门”，大中门是宋朝时期孔庙的大门，原名叫“宫和门”，字的意思与孔子中庸之道的主张有关，由此门向南望去，一方面可以看到孔庙的历史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔庙的不断扩大，这些建筑既有清代建筑，也有明代建筑，还有宋代建筑，它们建的时代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，构成一体。看孔庙建筑，同时可以看到一部分中国封建社会的发展史。
这块碑立于明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它为明宪宗朱见深所立，碑高6米，宽2米多。这块碑的特点是书法精湛，著称于世，并且碑文用论辩形式写成，在极力推崇孔子方面，可以说是之最。大家请看右上角，那上面写道：“联惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可无焉”，又说：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暂缺”。这碑下面的动物不是乌龟，叫*，是龙的儿子，特别能负重，所以用来驮碑，有句话讲“龙生九子不成龙”，在孔庙内，龙和龙的9个儿子，你都可以看到，当地的老百姓常来这里抚摸这*，他们说：“摸摸*的头，一辈子不犯愁，摸摸*的*，一辈子不生病”。
我们面前的这座木结构建筑名叫“奎文阁”，原是孔庙的藏书楼。“奎星”为二十八星宿之一，有星十六颗，“屈曲相钩，似文字之画”，后来人们把它演化为文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又称“历代文官主”。这座楼阁高23.35米，阔30.1米，深17.62米，三重飞檐，四层斗拱，构造坚固而且合理，康熙年间山东曲阜曾有过一次大地震，“人间房屋倾者九，存者一”，而奎文阁却傲然屹立，安然无恙，由此可见我国古代劳动人民的聪明智慧和高超的建筑艺术。
我们现在进入孔庙的第六进院落，展现在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南边8座，北边5座。亭内保存着唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多为皇帝对孔子的追谥加封、拜庙亲祭、整修庙宇的纪录，用汉文、八思巴文、满文等刻成。此排中间的这座碑，重约65吨，采自北京的西山，在当时，将如此重量的石碑从千里之外，跋山涉水，运至山东曲阜，不能不说是一个奇迹。此院东、西各有一门，是孔庙第三道腰门，为“东华门、西华门”。
我们现在进入大成门，“大成门”是指今天下之大成，这一排共有5门并列，最西边为启圣门，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成门，又有“金声门、玉振门”相佐，中路为孔庙最中心的地方，东为承圣门，原为孔子故居。
大家知道，孔子是伟大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我们认为，孔子首先是个教育家，他是中国第一位老师，封建皇帝封他为“至圣先师”“万世师表”，应当说，他是全人类的老师，是名符其实的“人类灵魂工程师”。我们面前的“杏坛”，相传是当年孔子设坛讲学的地方，金代建亭作以纪念，著名文人党怀英书“杏坛”二字。坛侧有棵杏树，为后人所栽，每当初春时节，红花绽开，绿叶摇曳。所以乾隆皇帝来朝拜时，曾赋诗赞之，诗曰：重来又值籼开时，几树东风簇绛枝，岂是人间凡卉比，文明终古共春熙。
矗立在我们面前的大殿就是名扬天下的“大成殿”，它是中国的“三大殿”之一，与北京故宫的“太和殿”，泰山岱庙的“天贶殿”齐名，其雄伟壮丽有过之而无不及。殿高24.8米，阔45.78米，深24.8米，雕梁画栋，金壁辉煌，特别是周围28根石柱，为世界文化瑰宝，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根为深浮雕，每柱二龙戏珠，盘绕升腾，栩栩如生，刀法刚劲有力，各具变化。过去皇帝来了，都是将此柱用黄布围裹。他们若看见恐怕也会自惭不如。两侧及后廊的龙柱为浅浮雕，每柱72条龙，总共1296条。大成殿内供奉着孔子塑像，两侧为四配，东西是复圣颜回、述圣孔及，西面是宗圣曾参和亚圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我们都在这里举行盛大的国际孔子文化节和孔子诞辰纪念仪式，表演大型祭孔乐舞和“箫韶乐舞”，举行丰富多彩的文化、旅游活动，欢迎各位到时光临。
三孔导游词讲解篇二
不知道您读没读过《论语》，那上面开篇有一句话叫“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”。那么我就以孔子的这句名言，热烈地欢迎您来孔子的故乡山东曲阜参观游览。下面，就由我陪同各位游览并进行导游服务，非常感谢您的合作，并衷心地希望您对我的工作多提出批评意见。
在来山东曲阜之前,许多朋友可能已对山东曲阜和孔子有了不少的了解,但也有的朋友知道的并不十分详细,现在,我就在进入景点之前,先把山东曲阜和孔子的情况简要介绍一下。
山东曲阜位于中国山东省西南部，现有人中62万其中城区人口10万，面积约890平方公里。“山东曲阜”二字始见于《尔雅》一书，东汉应邵解释说：鲁城中有阜，委曲长七八里，故名“山东曲阜”。宋真宗大中祥符5年，也就是公元1012年，为了纪念中华民族的始祖轩辕黄帝出生在山东曲阜，曾一度改名“仙源”县，金太宗天会7年(公元1129年)，又复名山东曲阜，沿用至今。山东曲阜是一个小城，然而，山东曲阜又是一座有着五千年文明史的文化古城，在这片神圣而又古老的土地上，中国远古传说中的三皇五帝，竟有四人在这里留下了踪迹。据《史记》、《帝王世纪》等史书记载：“黄帝生于寿丘”，“少昊自穷桑登帝位，称都山东曲阜，崩葬云阳山”，现在山东曲阜城东8里，仍留下座金字塔式的坟墓--少昊陵。中国有句俗话说道“人往高处走，水往低处流”，我们是不是可以理解为我们中华民族的祖先从这里，从黄河中下游向中原，向黄土高原迁徙的过程，而我们的母亲之河，黄河、长江，从黄土高原之上奔腾而下，一泻千里，最后汇入大海呢!中国还有句古话叫“江南出才子，江北出圣人”，实际上，江北的圣人几乎全出自山东曲阜。在中国封建时代，受到皇帝赐封的圣人一共有6位，他们分别为至圣孔子、亚圣孟子、复圣颜子、述圣子思、宗圣曾子、元圣周公，头4位都出生在山东曲阜，后两位一位是孔子的弟子，一位是封地在山东曲阜，周公的后世33代曾在鲁国为国君，至今山东称鲁，即起于此。现在山东曲阜地上地下文物众多，文化灿烂，有国家级文物古迹4处，省级11处，市级100余处。1982年山东曲阜被国务院公布为全国首批24个历史文化名城之一，1994年山东曲阜“三孔”被联合国正式列为世界文化遗产。由于山东曲阜对东方文化的重要贡献，不少人称山东曲阜为世界三大圣城之一：“东方的麦加”。在这里，您不得不沉思，也不能不感奋，因为这里深扎着中华民族的根，深扎着中国传统文化的根。
各位朋友，在中国，在东方这片有着五千年文明历史的土地上，你也许读不懂青铜器上的铭文，也许不理解人头兽身表现什么，象征什么。但是，当你走进中国人民的生活，行走在中华民族繁衍生息、劳动创造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接触到中国人民在日常生活中流露出来的儒家文化的气息，你便能由此体验到中国人民与其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、风土人情和理想道德的差异。无论你从哪个角度，哪个层次去探究中华民族的个性与品格，都不难发现儒家文化的基因，在漫长的历史演进过程中，儒家文化几乎成了中国传统文化的代名词。而儒家文化的创始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋时代鲁国人，也就是山东曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73岁。孔子3岁时，父亲叔梁纥去世，16岁时，母亲颜征在去世，少年孔子成了孤儿，开始了他在等级森严的封建社会中独自谋生、学习和奋斗的一生。
孔子少年发奋自学，勤而好问，青年时代便掌握了参与贵族政治必须熟悉的礼、乐、射、御、书、数六艺，进而掌握了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》六经的内容，为创立儒家文化奠定了基础。
孔子30岁设学授徒，开始了漫长的教育生涯，他首开中国私人讲学、面向民众，提倡“有教无类”之风，成为中国第一位，也是世界上第一位伟大的教育家。
孔子51岁时，才做了中都县令，后来曾在鲁摄相事，然而时间不长，他便辞了官，离开鲁国开始了他长达14年的周游列国之行。
孔子在68岁时回到鲁国，他把几乎全部精力放在了教学和文献整理上，一直到死。孔子的一生是颠沛流离，饱经忧患的一生，是艰苦卓绝、激励奋发的一生，是春风化雨，培育英才的一生，是著书立说，济时救世的一生。如今，他的躯体虽已灰飞烟灭，但他的思想，却潜入每个东方人的心灵，他熔铸了中华民族的个性和品格，随着历史的发展和社会的进步，孔子还将引导着人类，跨向21世纪。
山东曲阜的文物古迹和旅游景点很多，大部分与孔子和孔子文化有关。现在我们所在的位置是山东曲阜明故城的正南门外，城门的北面是被称为中国三大古建筑群之一的孔庙。城门的正上方有“万仞宫墙”4个大字。“仞”是古代的长度单位，一仞约等于8尺。据说，有人称赞孔子的弟子子贡很有学问，子贡听说以后，就说：“人的学问好比宫墙，我的学问只有墙头这么高，人们一看便会看见墙内的一切，而我的老师孔子的这道墙有数仞，不找到它的门是不能看到墙内宗庙之美丽、房舍的多种多样”。后人为表达对孔子的敬仰，明代胡缵宗就写了“万仞宫墙”4个字镶在城门上，清代乾隆皇帝为了显示自己对孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，换上了自己写的“万仞宫墙”4个大字。这就是“万仞宫墙”的来历。
孔庙是后人为祭祀孔子而修建的庙宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面积有327.5亩，仿皇宫之制，分九进院落，左右对称排列，整个建筑群共有五殿、一阁、一坛、两庑、两堂、17座碑亭、54座门坊共466间，南北长约1公里。孔庙恢宏壮丽，面积之大，历史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
孔庙大门东墙外面有“官员人等至此下马”的碑刻，过去，任何官员至此，武官要下马，文官要下轿，以表示对孔子的尊重。
孔庙的第一座石坊叫“金声玉振坊”。孟子对孔子曾有过这样的评价，他说：“孔子之谓集大成，集大成者，金声而玉振之也”。“金声、玉振”表示奏乐的全过程，以击钟开始，以击磐告终，比喻孔子的思想集古圣先贤之大成。石坊上面莲花宝座上各刻有一个独角怪兽称“辟邪”，也叫“朝天吼”，这是封建社会王爵府第才可使用的饰物。
孔庙第一道门叫“棂星门”。“棂星”又名天田星，古人祭天，先要祭棂星。“棂星门”三个字为乾隆所书。“太和元气”坊同“金声玉振”坊差不多，题字为明代山东巡抚曾铣手书，赞颂孔子思想如同天地生育万物。此院东西各有一座腰门，东边上书“德侔天地一样大，他的学说古今来说都是最好的”。这座门叫“圣时门”，由此住里，有博大精深、深不可测之感。“圣时”二字，取《孟子.万章下》，“孔子，圣之时者也”句，意思是说，在圣人之中，孔子是最适合时代者。
过圣时门迎面小石桥，叫“璧水桥”，桥两侧偏南各有一座门，东门叫“快睹门”，是先睹为快的意思，西门叫“仰高门”赞颂孔子的学问十分高深。我们进入的大门，称“弘道门”，这三个字取自《论语.卫星公》“人能弘道”的句子，以此来赞颂孔子阐发了尧舜汤和文武周公之“道”。这道门也是明朝洪武十年(1377年)时孔庙的大门。再往后是“大中门”，大中门是宋朝时期孔庙的大门，原名叫“宫和门”，字的意思与孔子中庸之道的主张有关，由此门向南望去，一方面可以看到孔庙的历史沿革，一方面也可以看到孔庙的不断扩大，这些建筑既有清代建筑，也有明代建筑，还有宋代建筑，它们建的时代不同，工匠不同，但都互相配合，相得益彰，构成一体。看孔庙建筑，同时可以看到一部分中国封建社会的发展史。
这块碑立于明成化四年(1468年)，因此也叫“成化碑”，它为明宪宗朱见深所立，碑高6米，宽2米多。这块碑的特点是书法精湛，著称于世，并且碑文用论辩形式写成，在极力推崇孔子方面，可以说是之最。大家请看右上角，那上面写道：“联惟孔子之道，有天下者一日不可无焉”，又说：“孔子之道在天下，如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暂缺”。这碑下面的动物不是乌龟，叫_是龙的儿子，特别能负重，所以用来驮碑，有句话讲“龙生九子不成龙”，在孔庙内，龙和龙的9个儿子，你都可以看到，当地的老百姓常来这里抚摸这_他们说：“摸摸_头，一辈子不犯愁，摸摸__一辈子不生病”。
我们面前的这座木结构建筑名叫“奎文阁”，原是孔庙的藏书楼。“奎星”为二十八星宿之一，有星十六颗，“屈曲相钩，似文字之画”，后来人们把它演化为文官之首，封建帝王把孔子比作天上的奎星，所以孔子又称“历代文官主”。这座楼阁高23.35米，阔30.1米，深17.62米，三重飞檐，四层斗拱，构造坚固而且合理，康熙年间山东曲阜曾有过一次大地震，“人间房屋倾者九，存者一”，而奎文阁却傲然屹立，安然无恙，由此可见我国古代劳动人民的聪明智慧和高超的建筑艺术。
我们现在进入孔庙的第六进院落，展现在大家面前的是13座碑亭，南边8座，北边5座。亭内保存着唐、宋、元、明、清各代石碑共55幢，碑文多为皇帝对孔子的追谥加封、拜庙亲祭、整修庙宇的纪录，用汉文、八思巴文、满文等刻成。此排中间的这座碑，重约65吨，采自北京的西山，在当时，将如此重量的石碑从千里之外，跋山涉水，运至山东曲阜，不能不说是一个奇迹。此院东、西各有一门，是孔庙第三道腰门，为“东华门、西华门”。
我们现在进入大成门，“大成门”是指今天下之大成，这一排共有5门并列，最西边为启圣门，是供奉孔子父母的地方，中路大成门，又有“金声门、玉振门”相佐，中路为孔庙最中心的地方，东为承圣门，原为孔子故居。
大家知道，孔子是伟大的思想家，教育家、政治家，我们认为，孔子首先是个教育家，他是中国第一位老师，封建皇帝封他为“至圣先师”“万世师表”，应当说，他是全人类的老师，是名符其实的“人类灵魂工程师”。我们面前的“杏坛”，相传是当年孔子设坛讲学的地方，金代建亭作以纪念，著名文人党怀英书“杏坛”二字。坛侧有棵杏树，为后人所栽，每当初春时节，红花绽开，绿叶摇曳。所以乾隆皇帝来朝拜时，曾赋诗赞之，诗曰：重来又值籼开时，几树东风簇绛枝，岂是人间凡卉比，文明终古共春熙。
矗立在我们面前的大殿就是名扬天下的“大成殿”，它是中国的“三大殿”之一，与北京故宫的“太和殿”，泰山岱庙的“天贶殿”齐名，其雄伟壮丽有过之而无不及。殿高24.8米，阔45.78米，深24.8米，雕梁画栋，金壁辉煌，特别是周围28根石柱，为世界文化瑰宝，均以整石雕刻而成，前面10根为深浮雕，每柱二龙戏珠，盘绕升腾，栩栩如生，刀法刚劲有力，各具变化。过去皇帝来了，都是将此柱用黄布围裹。他们若看见恐怕也会自惭不如。两侧及后廊的龙柱为浅浮雕，每柱72条龙，总共1296条。大成殿内供奉着孔子塑像，两侧为四配，东西是复圣颜回、述圣孔及，西面是宗圣曾参和亚圣孟子。再外是12哲。每年9月26日、9月28日，我们都在这里举行盛大的国际孔子文化节和孔子诞辰纪念仪式，表演大型祭孔乐舞和“箫韶乐舞”，举行丰富多彩的文化、旅游活动，欢迎各位到时光临。三孔导游词【5】
山东曲阜是孔子的故乡，山东曲阜的孔庙、孔府、孔林是我国历代纪念孔子的圣地，统称“三孔”。孔夫子生前在此开坛授学，首创儒家文化，而其子孙后代也在此生活繁衍，传承着孔子的文化思想。1994年，“三孔”被联合国列入《世界遗产名录》。
山东曲阜“三孔”中的孔庙、孔府都坐落在市中心，孔林则位于城北。孔庙是国内最大的祭祀孔子的庙宇，它是在孔子的故居上改建而成的，可谓全世界孔庙的始祖;孔府曾是数百年来孔子嫡系长期居住的地方，它的规模在国内仅次于故宫;孔林则是孔子及其家族后裔的墓地。
孔庙，公元前478年始建，后不断扩建，至今成为一处占地327公顷(1公顷=10^4平方米)的古建筑群，包括三殿、一阁、一坛、三祠、两庑、两堂、两斋、十七亭与五十四门坊，气势宏伟、巨碑林立，堪称宫殿之城。
孔府，建于宋代，是孔子嫡系子孙居住之地，西与孔庙毗邻，占地约16公顷，共有九进院落，有厅、堂、楼、轩463间，旧称“衍圣公府”。
孔林，亦称“至圣林”，是孔子及其家族的专用墓地，林墙周长7千米，内有古树2万多株，是一处古老的人造园林。
三孔导游词讲解篇三
各位朋友，在中国，在东方这片有着五千年文明历史的土地上，你也许读不懂青铜器上的铭文，也许不理解人头兽身表现什么，象征什么。但是，当你走进中国人民的生活，行走在中华民族繁衍生息、劳动创造的古老土地上，你就能感受到、接触到中国人民在日常生活中流露出来的儒家文化的气息，你便能由此体验到中国人民与其他民族迥然不同的生活方式、风土人情和理想道德的差异。无论你从哪个角度，哪个层次去探究中华民族的个性与品格，都不难发现儒家文化的基因，在漫长的历史演进过程中，儒家文化几乎成了中国传统文化的代名词。而儒家文化的创始人，就是孔子。
孔子，春秋时代鲁国人，也就是曲阜人，名丘，字仲尼，生于公元前551年，死于公元前479年，享年73岁。孔子3岁时，父亲叔梁纥去世，16岁时，母亲颜征在去世，少年孔子成了孤儿，开始了他在等级森严的封建社会中独自谋生、学习和奋斗的一生。
孔子少年发奋自学，勤而好问，青年时代便掌握了参与贵族政治必须熟悉的礼、乐、射、御、书、数六艺，进而掌握了《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》六经的内容，为创立儒家文化奠定了基础。
孔子30岁设学授徒，开始了漫长的教育生涯，他首开中国私人讲学、面向民众，提倡“有教无类”之风，成为中国第一位，也是世界上第一位伟大的教育家。
孔子51岁时，才做了中都县令，后来曾在鲁摄相事，然而时间不长，他便辞了官，离开鲁国开始了他长达20xx年的周游列国之行。
孔子在68岁时回到鲁国，他把几乎全部精力放在了教学和文献整理上，一直到死。孔子的一生是颠沛流离，饱经忧患的一生，是艰苦卓绝、激励奋发的一生，是春风化雨，培育英才的一生，是著书立说，济时救世的一生。如今，他的躯体虽已灰飞烟灭，但他的思想，却潜入每个东方人的心灵，他熔铸了中华民族的个性和品格，随着历史的发展和社会的进步，孔子还将引导着人类，跨向21世纪。
曲阜的文物古迹和旅游景点很多，大部分与孔子和孔子文化有关。现在我们所在的位置是曲阜明故城的正南门外，城门的北面是被称为中国三大古建筑群之一的孔庙。城门的正上方有“万仞宫墙”4个大字。“仞”是古代的长度单位，一仞约等于8尺。据说，有人称赞孔子的弟子子贡很有学问，子贡听说以后，就说：“人的学问好比宫墙，我的学问只有墙头这么高，人们一看便会看见墙内的一切，而我的老师孔子的这道墙有数仞，不找到它的门是不能看到墙内宗庙之美丽、房舍的多种多样”。后人为表达对孔子的敬仰，明代胡缵宗就写了“万仞宫墙”4个字镶在城门上，清代乾隆皇帝为了显示自己对孔子的崇拜，又把胡碑取下，换上了自己写的“万仞宫墙”4个大字。这就是“万仞宫墙”的来历。
孔庙是后人为祭祀孔子而修建的庙宇，始建于孔子死后第2年。面积有327.5亩，仿皇宫之制，分九进院落，左右对称排列，整个建筑群共有五殿、一阁、一坛、两庑、两堂、17座碑亭、54座门坊共466间，南北长约1公里。孔庙恢宏壮丽，面积之大，历史之久，保存之完整，是世界建筑史上的唯一孤例。
三孔导游词讲解篇四
尊敬的各位来宾：
你们好!我受旅游、接待部门的委托，对光临名城曲阜参观游览的各位佳宾表示热烈地欢迎。我有幸为大家导游陪同参观，非常高兴，这是咱们共同颀赏学习的好机会。看后请留下宝贵意见。
首先，向大家简要介绍一下曲阜的历史、文物概况。
历史文化名城曲阜是我国古代伟大的思想家、教育家、政治家、文献整理家、世之圣人孔子的家乡，亚圣孟子的故里，中华民族的始祖轩辕黄帝的诞生地，炎帝的首都，商殷故国，鲁国首都。三皇五帝有四位在这里生息劳作，有5000多年的历史。地下有丰富的宝藏，地上有众多的文物。现有文物112处，其中有联合国保护单位，世界文化遗产3处，全国保护的4处，省级12处，其他为地市级保护的。
重中之重有“三孔两庙一陵”、“三山二林一寺”。孔庙、孔府、孔林，俗称“三孔”，有祭祀中国元圣周公的庙宇，有祭祀孔子第一大弟子复圣颜回的庙，俗称“两庙”;“一陵”是黄帝诞生地--寿丘少昊陵;“三山”;孔子出生地尼山、汉墓群九龙山、小泰山--九仙山(又称九山)。二林是：世界教育孩子最好的母亲孟母林，孔子父母埋葬地梁公林;“一寺”是李白、杜甫作诗、答对、分手处，著名文人孔尚任隐居处国家园林“石门寺”。
我们现在看孔庙。
孔庙，又称至圣庙，是祭祀孔子及其夫人亓官氏和七十二贤人的地方。孔庙同北京的故宫、河北承德市避暑山庄并称中国的三大古建筑群。专家对孔庙讲了四名话：建筑时间最久远、最宏大、保存最完整、东方建筑特色最突出。从孔庙可看出两个问题：一是孔子对中国乃至东方文化的巨大贡献;二是中国在历史上就有能工巧匠。
孔庙始建于公元前478年，孔子去世的第二年建庙。在孔子故居建庙堂三间，陈列孔子的衣、车、书等，“岁时奉祀”。历代皇帝对孔庙都有扩建，计大修15次，中修31次，小修数百次达到现在的规模。孔庙仿皇宫建筑之制，分三路布局，九过院落，共有房屋466间，门亭54座，东西相对贯穿在一条中轴线上，有碑碣近千块，占地327.5亩，长达两华里又150公尺。现在看到的孔庙是明弘治年间的规模。解放后国家多次拨款维修保护。我国首批公布的全国重点文物保护单位，1994年12月列入世界文化遗产，成为联合国保护的文物单位，孔庙建筑时间之久远，规模之宏大，保存之完整实属世之罕见。
神道。“万仞宫墙”前古柏苍劲的这段路为“神道”。重要的庙宇前都有专开的尊敬灵通之道，称“神道”。
万仞宫墙。这道门是曲阜明城正南门，也是孔庙的第一道门，上悬“万仞宫墙”四个大字，系清乾隆皇帝的御笔。它来源于孔子得意弟子子贡。鲁国大会诸侯时，有人提出子贡的学问博大精深，可与孔子相提并论，子贡在场，马上站起来说，我可不敢与俺老师孔子比，人的学问好比一堵墙，我这道墙只有一仞之高，俺老师的墙有数仞之多。就是说，我的学问等于一肩膀头子高，一目了然没什么深奥的;孔子的学问有我数倍之多，经过详细的研究，全面的探讨，才能了解他的全部，入了门以后，才能看到宗庙之美，在门外头你是看不到的。后人为了形容孔子的学问高深，从夫子之墙数仞，到“百仞”、“千仞”到明代皇帝封孔子为“天下文官主，历代帝王师”，封孔子学问有“万仞”，赞颂孔子学问有一万个八尺，往上看，看不到顶，亦说此墙深壁高垒非常坚固。这四个字原为明钦差所写，乾隆为表示他对孔子的重视，亲书“万仞宫墙”换上了他的御笔。
金声玉振坊。此坊建于明代，为表达孔子学问精湛而完美，如同奏乐的全过程，自始至终完整无缺。古乐是以敲钟开始，钟起“始条理也”，是击磬告终，“玉振”为磬落的声音，称“终条理也”，赞扬孔子的学问是集先贤先圣之大成，所以称“金声而玉振也”，“金声”钟的声音，始，“玉振”磬的声音，终。这也是办事要“有始有终”成语的来源。“金声玉振”是明代大书法家胡缵宗题定的。
“二柏担一孔”。过玉振坊这个单孔的石拱桥，东西各有一棵古柏，所以人称“二柏担一孔”。这桥名曰：“泮水桥”与行宫旁泮水池的水相通，因之演义为“盼水”。过去读孔孟之书，考上高等学府叫“入盼”，做官的盼高升，做买卖盼发财，过日子盼兴旺。
下马碑。庙墙外东西各立一块石碑，公元1191年专立的下马碑，下轿碑。西边的碑早毁坏，东边这块碑上写“官员人等至此下马”。过去文武官员、庶民百姓从此路过下轿下马徒步而行，以示对孔子、孔庙的尊敬。
棂星门。明代所建，公元1754年重修，由木制改铁石的。“棂星门”系乾隆御笔。相传天上星系“有二十八宿”，其中，有个掌管文化的星叫“棂星”，又名“文曲星”、“天振星”，把孔子与天上管文化的星联系起来，说文化方面他是最高的，如过去祭天，要先祭“文曲星”，有尊孔如尊天的说法。
太和元气坊。这坊是明代公元1544年所建，极赞孔子的思想，主张如同“太空宇宙能哺育万物。天地之合，四方之合，阴阳之合”，称“太和”之气是最基本的东西，宇宙之太和，人间之元气。“太和元气”系山东巡抚曾铣手书。
至圣庙坊。明代所建“至圣庙坊”，是汉白玉的，上饰火焰宝珠。
德侔天地，道冠古今。这道院的东西对衬各建一处很奇特的牌坊，木制角棱环绕，千头万续，下有八个怪兽，叫“天龙神狮”，相传它威严灵感，可驱除邪恶，匡扶正义。东边牌坊上书：“德侔天地”，说孔子的思想主张给人类的好处如同天高地厚，功德能同天地相比。西边的牌坊上书“道冠古今”，赞孔子思想、办法古今都是盖世之冠。
圣时门。三门并列，四道台皆同上，中央盘龙。此门命名来源于孟子，对古代四位圣人伯夷、伊尹、柳下惠、孔子，孟子把四圣人的圣迹归纳为四句话：伯夷圣之清者也，伊尹圣之任者也，柳下惠圣之和者也，孔子圣之时者也。“圣时”极赞孔子思想主张经久不衰，是适合时代的圣人。皇帝来曲阜朝孔要行“三跪九叩大礼”，走圣时门;历代“衍圣公”出生时打开“圣时门”，除这两种情况外，此门不轻易开启。都走快覩门、仰高门。
快覩门，取先睹为快之意。就是说孔子的学问“五经四书”，谁先学谁先有文化，谁先学谁先有知识，争相学习，以先见到先读为快乐。
仰高门。根据颜回赞扬孔子的一段话命名的。颜回说，夫子之道，仰之弥高，钻之弥坚。赞孔子学问向上看不到顶，叫“弥高”，学起来文言文很难懂，叫“弥坚”，高不是高不可攀，经过努力是完全可以学到的。颜回说“夫子循循然，善诱人，博我以文，说我以礼。”俺老师循循善诱，教我以文化，施我以礼节。
汉石人。仰高门里亭子里有两位历史价值很高的汉石人，一位是“亭长”，(汉代地方小官)，一位府门之卒，都是鲁王墓前守卫的。石人被历代金石学家所重视，对研究汉代服装和文字有重要价值。
金水桥，这道桥，同故宫前的桥同名，称金水桥，又叫碧水桥，三孔排列，绿水荡漾。
弘道门。过金水桥是明代皇帝钦定的“弘道门”，取“论语”中“人能弘道，非道弘人”之意。孔子是个普通文人，为什么成为圣人?赞孔子总结了先贤先圣的经验，尤其弘扬了尧舜禹汤，文武周公之道。“人能弘道，说人能指挥创造一切，非道弘人，并不是一切指挥人，这是赞扬人的主观能动性。”弘道门下有两块石碑，东边的四棱碑是“曲阜历代沿革志”记载了曲阜沿革变迁的历史，元代所立，史料价值很高，西边的是“处士先生墓志”，具有很高的书法价值。
大中门。大中门是宋代孔庙的大门，称“中和门”，意为用孔子的思想处理问题都可迎刃而解。明代扩建庙改称“大中门”，赞孔子的学问是集人类知识之大成，中，取“中庸”之意，“中者天下之正道，庸者天下之定理”，中不偏，庸不易。离开中者，就不是正道，成了邪道、歪门。就是说不左不右，公平正道，向前为中庸。大中门东西两头有角楼两座是守卫孔庙用的。
同文门，四大名牌，孔庙图。进入大中门里左右有四块大碑。西边的明弘治碑，讲的纲常伦理。弘治碑右侧有明代才子湖南长沙李东阳绘制的“孔庙图”价值很高。
成化碑，是明代成化皇帝朱见深所立。有两个情况引起历代大家名人的注意。一是成化碑正楷字写的好、规范化、标准化，精湛引人，字体笔法有“著称于世”的评语;二是对孔子评价最高，历代皇帝对孔子都有评说，评价最高的是成化皇帝，他把孔子的思想、办法比作吃饭、穿衣、花钱，一天也离不开，有了孔子的道理和办法，就能人尽其才，物尽其用，地尽其力，不然就乱套啦。说有孔子之道则有天下，没孔子之道则无天下，反孔子之道则失天下。如碑文称：“朕唯孔子之道，天下一日不可无焉，有孔子之道则纲常正而伦理明，万物各得其所矣...，孔子之道之在天下如布帛粟菽，民生日用不可暂缺，...天生孔子纵之为圣，生之安行仁义中正，师道兴起，从游三千，往圣是继。”
同文门。取“人同心”字同文之意。是说同心协力，团结一致才能干好事业;文字要统一，有统一的文字才能记载历史传播经验，随意造字就会乱套。同文门是奎文阁前的重要屏障。
奎文阁，原为藏书楼，是收藏御赐书籍的地方。建于宋天禧二年(公元1020xx年)，金章宗重修时改为“奎文阁”。这座独特雄伟的建筑，完全是木质结构，在中国楼的建设上称孤例。经过几次地震，奎文阁没有震毁。清康熙5年地震“十间房子倒者有九，存者有一，奎文阁巍然不动”。明代吏部尚书李东阳专写了“奎文阁赋”，赞奎文阁的建筑研究价值。就是廊下东头这块碑。
楼阁前这东西两院称：“斋宿”，是祭祀人员斋戒、沐浴的地方。东院是衍圣公斋宿所，清康熙、乾隆祭孔时都在东斋宿盥洗。西院是从祭人员的斋宿。孔子七十一代孙孔昭薰将庙内宋、元、明、清五朝代拜孔庙碑130多块集中镶嵌在院墙上，故西斋宿又称碑院。
十三碑亭。这是孔庙的第六进院落，亭内立有55块碑，是唐、宋、金、元、明、清等朝代所立，其内容都是皇帝、钦差拜孔、对孔子的追谥、评价，历次修孔庙的记载，有汉、满、蒙、八思巴文等文字。南八北五，所以称十三碑亭，因为都是经皇帝批准立的碑，因此又叫御碑亭。东起前排第三、六两个亭子是金代所建，是我国现存不可多见的建筑。凡是用赑屭驮的碑都称“御碑”。“赑屭”是吉祥物，传说龙王有九子，它是第8子，它爱“文”，善于负重，石碑有文字而沉重适合其特点，形象应为龙头、龟身、鹰腿、蛇尾。
东起北边这第三个亭子是康熙皇帝立的碑。北京西山采的石头经大运河，经济南又运到这里。专家计算这幢碑13万斤重，从济宁沿途泼水冻了，在冰上滑过来的，有时一天只走卧牛之地。曲阜本有好石头不用，要从北京运来，以示皇帝对孔子的重视。这院东南、西南各有一片碑碣都是王公大臣们修庙、拜孔的记载，书法价值很高。
这个院东西对衬各有一门，东为“毓粹门”，西是“观德门”。俗称东华门、西华门。
孔庙由这里起分为三路布局，这一道五门，中为“大成门”，左边是“金声门”，右边是“玉振门”，再往西为“启圣门”，再往东为“承圣门”。大成门的建筑结构是“犬牙交错，勾心斗角”。中间插进为“勾心”，左右四角尖端相顶为“斗角”。大成门三字系雍正皇帝的御笔。赞孔子是集先圣先贤之大成，达到了至高无上的境界。
先师手植桧。大成门里左边这棵挺拔苍劲的桧树，是孔夫子手植的。据记载：孔子在这里裁过三棵桧树，金贞佑二年(公元1220xx年)毁于兵火，树枯而又发新枝，曾“三枯三荣”，有“桧树日茂孔氏日兴”的说法。明万历年间才子杨光训题写了“先师手植桧”五个大字。
两庑长廊。这两侧的对等两排房子，共80间，称“东西庑”，是供奉七十二贤人的地方。孔子号称弟子三千，身通六艺文武全才的七十二人，供奉在东西庑。历代帝王都有封的配享先贤。如董仲舒、韩愈、王明阳、诸葛亮、寇准、岳飞等等。到民国年间已封到156名。最后一位先贤是梁启超先生。原有塑像，牌位，后一律改为木制牌位。东西庑现在陈列的是收集的宋代以前的中贵石刻。周公训子、蝙蝠行医等，最为珍贵的国宝有汉魏朝碑刻22块，书法价值特高的“礼器碑”、“乙瑛碑”、“史晨碑”、张猛龙碑“、米芾碑”等都是罕见的珍品。西庑陈列了100多块“汉画石刻”，都是久负盛名的艺术珍品，是研究汉、魏等历史社会生活难得的珍贵资料。东庑北端陈列着584块石刻，是孔子六十九代孙孔继涑写的玉虹楼法贴。
杏坛。这是为纪念孔子讲学建的。孔子当初是在土台上大杏树下给弟子们讲学。宋代公元1020xx年，孔子45代孔道辅监修孔庙时，将正殿后移扩建，在正殿旧址建亭，环植以杏，名曰“杏坛”。杏坛二字，是金代著名文人党怀英篆书。亭内有乾隆皇帝御笔“杏坛赞”，这是他第一次来曲阜写的。乾隆题写的匾、对联、条幅等在曲阜有50多处。
大成殿。这是孔庙的主殿，它和北京的故宫太和殿、泰安岱庙天贶殿并称东方三大建筑，又称东方三大殿。价值高历史长的是大成殿。殿高24.8米，阔45.7米，深24.89米。四周环有28根用整个石头雕成的龙柱，工艺精湛，造诣很深。尤其殿前廊10株深浮雕的滚龙柱实为世之罕见，10棵柱子20 条龙，上下对翔，升腾盘绕戏一颗珠子，神态各异，无一雷同，越看越有动意，跃然石上栩栩如生。这是徽州工匠的杰作。皇帝来曲阜朝孔时，孔家都用黄绫把龙柱裹起来，不让皇帝直接看到龙柱，因为超过了金銮殿，怕皇帝不高兴，加以责怪。其余18根柱是八棱的浅浮雕龙柱，一个棱面刻九条龙，每根柱子八个棱，八九 72条龙共计雕刻1296条龙。这是罕见的石刻艺术瑰宝。总览大成殿雄伟壮观。
五圣十二先哲。大成殿内供奉着17尊像。
五大圣人。至圣孔子，意为圣人中的圣人，至高无上。孔夫子在中央，头戴十二旒之冕，身穿十二章王服，手持震圭，威严肃穆，使人肃然起敬。两侧为四配：东边是复圣颜子，述圣子思;西边是宗圣曾子，亚圣孟子。东头六位，西头六位，称十二先哲，有子贡、子路、冉求等11位孔子的弟子，有一位是宋朝朱熹，著名理学家，五经四书解释的好，被封为先哲。“生民未有”的匾，是孟子赞孔子，说“生民未有盛于孔子也”。有人类以来，还没有全面超过孔子的人，所以叫“生民未有”。“万世师表”是康熙题写，封孔子为“万世皇帝之师，千古人类之表，皇帝的老师，做人的表率。”“斯文在兹”是光绪写的，意为天下的文化都在这里。
寝殿。供奉孔子夫人亓官氏的专殿。是孔庙第三大建筑。亓官氏宋国人(河南商丘)，19岁嫁孔子，后生子孔鲤，贤妻良母，早孔子7年去世，被封“至圣先师夫人”，同孔子一样享受祭祀。寝殿周围28根石柱上雕凤凰，每条柱子刻凤凰72只，同龙的数量一样，叫龙凤呈祥。
圣迹殿。以石刻连环画的形式记载了孔子的事迹。有120块文图并茂的石刻，是孔子后代同明代巡抚御史何出光主持修建的。由吴郡著名画工章草绘画刻石，镶在殿内墙上。是我国第一部人、文兼有的完整的连环画。有很高的历史和艺术价值。殿正面“万世师表”为康熙御笔，正中孔子大司冠像是唐代大画家吴道子画的。殿东头是康熙朝孔的御碑，西头有晋代名画家顾恺之画的孔子行教像，习称“夫子小影”最接近孔子的面貌特征。还有宋代大家米芾的赞孔子的小篆：“孔子孔子大哉孔子，子以前既无孔子，孔子以后更无孔子，孔子孔子大哉孔子”。明确的说，孔子伟大啊!无与伦比，空前绝后!
孔庙西路是祭礼孔子父母的地方。其父叔梁纥，母颜征在，皇帝封为启圣王和启圣王夫人，建有启圣王殿、寝殿、金丝堂等建筑。
孔庙的东路，前后两部分，前院是孔子故宅，有“孔宅故井”，孔子九代孙孔鲋藏书的地方名“鲁壁”，现在看到的经书，立头功的应为“鲁壁”。为纪念孔子教育其子读书建了“诗礼堂”，孔子说“不学诗无以言，不字礼无以立”，意为不学诗不会讲话，不学礼不懂得如何立身事。诗礼堂内有著名雕刻家石可先生刻制的仿汉画石刻“圣迹图”。后院是崇圣祠、五代祠，祭祀孔子上五代祖先的祠堂。
各位先生，孔庙似历史的、知识的学堂，因时间有限，咱们只看了主要的，我是厄要介绍的。孔子是圣人，也是伟大的旅游家，周游列国20xx年，宣传他修身、齐家、治国平天下的学问，收集了宝贵的资料。有关圣人的遗迹很多，很值得一看。我们相处时间虽短，可友谊长存，盼望各位有机会再来曲阜观光，我们一定很好地服务。
孔庙就看到这里，谢谢大家的合作，欢迎您再来。
三孔导游词讲解篇五
孔庙、孔林、孔府位于中国北部山东省的曲阜市，又被合称为“三孔”。 “三孔”是包括孔子及其后裔的宗庙，墓地和宅邸在内，总占地面积约3500余亩，拥有近千间建筑的庞大建筑群。
孔庙位于曲阜市南门内，是奉祀孔子的庙宇。曲阜孔庙是祭祀孔子的本庙，是分布在中国、朝鲜、日本、越南、印度尼西亚、新加坡、美国等国家20xx多座孔子庙的先河和范本，据称孔庙始建于公元前478年，最初仅“庙屋三间”，后来经过历代的不断兴建，发展成为拥有各种建筑100余座，460余间，占地面积约95000平方米的庞大建筑群。孔庙是中国现存规模仅次于故宫的古建筑群，堪称中国古代大型祠庙建筑的典范。
孔庙的总体设计是非常成功的。前为神道，两侧栽植桧柏，创造出庄严肃穆 的气氛，培养谒庙者崇敬的情绪;庙的主体贯串在一条中轴线上，左有对称，布局严谨。前后九进院落，前三进是引导性庭院，只有一些尺度较小的门坊，院内 遍植成行的松柏，浓荫蔽日，创造出使人清心涤念的环境，而高耸挺拔的苍桧古柏间辟出一条幽深的甬道，既使人感到孔庙历史的悠久，又烘托了孔于思想的深 奥。座座门坊高揭的额匾，极力赞颂孔子的功绩，给人以强烈的印象，使人敬仰之情不觉油然而生。第四进以后庭院，建筑雄伟，黄瓦、红墙、绿树，交相辉映， 既喻示出孔于思想的博大高深，也喻示了孔子的丰功伟绩，而供奉儒家贤达的东 西两民，分别长166米，又喻示了儒家思想的源远流长。
孔庙共有建筑100余座460余间，古建面积约16000平方米。主要建筑有金 元碑亭、明代奎文阁、杏坛、德佯天地坊等、清代重建的大成殿、寝殿等。金牌亭大木做法具有不少宋式特点，斗栱疏朗，瓜子栱、令栱、慢拱长度依次递增，六铺作里跳减二铺，柱头铺作与补间铺作外观相同等。正殿庭采用廊庑围绕的组合方式是宋金时期常用的封闭式祠庙形制少见的遗例。大成殿、寝殿、奎文阉、杏坛、大成门等建筑采用木石混合结构，也是比较少见的形式。斗栱布置和细部做法灵活，根据需要，每间平身科多少不一，疏密不一，栱长不一，甚至为了弥补视觉上的空缺感，将厢栱、万栱、瓜栱加长，使同一建筑物相邻两间斗栱的栱长不一，同一柱头科两边栱长悬殊，这是孔庙建筑的独特做法。
孔庙保存汉代以来历代碑刻1044块，有封建皇帝追谥、加封、祭祀孔子和修 建孔庙的记录，也有帝王将相、文人学士谒庙的诗文题记，文字有汉文、蒙文、八思巴文、满文，书体有真草隶篆，是研究封建社会政治;经济、文化、艺术的珍贵史料。碑刻中有汉碑和汉代刻字二十余块，是中国保存汉代碑刻最多的地方。乙瑛碑、礼器碑、孔器碑、史晨碑是汉隶的代表作，张猛龙碑、贾使君碑是魏体的楷模。此外还有孙师范、米芾、党怀英、赵孟 、张起岩、李东阳、董其昌、翁方钢等人的法书，元好问、郭子敬等人的题名，孔继涑五百八十四石的大型书法丛帖玉虹楼法帖等。孔庙碑刻是中国古代书法艺术的宝库。
孔庙著名的石刻艺术品有汉画像石、明清雕镌石柱和明刻圣迹图等。汉画像石有90余块，题材丰富广泛，既有人们社会生活的记录，也有历史故事、神话传说的反映。雕刻技法多样，有线刻、有浮雕，线刻有减地，有剔地，有素地，有线地;浮雕有深有浅，有光面，有糙面。风格或严谨精细，或豪放粗犷，线条流畅，造型优美。明清雕镑石柱共七十四根，其中减地平镌五十六根，高浮雕十八根。减地平镌图案多为小幅云龙、凤凰牡丹，清雍正七年刻，崇圣祠刻牡丹、石榴、荷花等花卉，构图优美，是明弘治十七年的遗物。石雕的精品是浮雕龙柱;大成殴前檐十柱，每柱高达六米，最为高大，崇圣祠二柱龙姿矫健，云形活泼，水平最高。另外圣时门、大成门、大成殿的浅浮雕云龙石陛也有很高的艺术价值。圣迹因为明万历二十年(1592年)据孔庙宋金木刻增补而成，由曲阜儒学生员毛凤翼汇校、扬州杨芝作画、苏州石工章草上石，共一百二十幅，形象地反映了孔子一生的行迹，是我国较早的大型连环画之一，具有很高的历史价值和艺术价值。两千多年来，曲阜孔庙旋毁旋修，从未废弃，在国家的保护下，由孔于的一座私人住宅发展成为规模形制与帝王宫殿相埒的庞大建筑群，延时之久，记载之丰，可以说是人类建筑史上的孤例。
孔林又称“至圣林”，位于曲阜城北1公里，是孔子及其后裔的家族墓地，前后延续使用了约2520xx年，共计有孔氏子孙墓十余万座。孔林占地约2平方公里，林门以长达1266米的神道与北城门相连，神道平直如矢，两侧桧柏夹侍，庄严肃穆。进入大林门，高大的围墙将大林门与二林门之间围成一个封闭的纵深空间，挺拔的桧柏，夹峙的红墙间辟出一条狭长的甫道，将人的视线引向高耸的二门城楼。过二林门，古木森森—，芳草如茵，流水潺潺，竟是一片天然野趣，使人精神为之一爽。折而向西，过洙水桥;沿轴线前行，登墓门，穿甬道，过享殿，入墓园，一代伟人长眠在抔土之中。使人倍感亲切，低回徘徊，不忍离去。孔林面积200万平方米，林内墓冢累累，碑碣如林，石仪成群，古木参天。有孔子以来历代子孙墓葬十余万座，除汉碑移入孔庙外，地面上还有宋、金、元、明、清、民国等时代墓碑和谒陵题记刻石等4000余块，保存着宋、明、清各代石人、石马、石羊、石狮、望柱、供桌和神道坊等石仪近千件。为表彰儒家思想、满足祭祀需要，还建有门、坊、享殿、碑亭等六十余座明清建筑。孔林埋葬孔子长孙已至第七十六代，旁系子孙已至七十八代，从周至今，全无间断。延续时间之久，墓葬数量之多，保存之完好，做为一个家族墓地，在世界上是没有先例的，它是儒家思想在漫长的中国封建社会里所居统治地位的产物。孔林丰富的地上文物，对于研究我国墓葬制度的沿革，对于研究我国古代政治、经济、文化、风俗、书法、艺术等都具有很高的价值。
孔府又称“衍圣公府”，位于曲阜东华门大街1号孔庙的东侧，是孔子嫡长孙居住的府第。孔府始建于宋金时期(公元12～13世纪)，明洪武十年(公元1377年)建府于今址。孔府是典型的封建贵族地主庄园，占地面积约4.9万平方米，有各类楼房厅堂共480余间。孔府是孔子嫡孙的官署，孔子嫡孙一向以“礼门义路家规矩”相标榜，格守诗礼传家的祖训;建筑也受到儒家礼仪的制约，留下儒家宗法制度与伦理观念的烙印。孔府沿用中国传统的前堂后寝制度，前堂部分有官衙、东学、西学，供处理公务、会客之用，是对外活动的场所，后寝部分有内宅、花厅、一贯堂、是家族生活的场所。建筑功能分区明确、排列井然有序。建筑群设计遵循礼教与宗法原则，把一系列使用功能不同的建筑物有主次、有次序地进行排列。建筑群中贯轴线，左右对称，成三路布局。中路为孔氏宗子衍圣公所后，东路一贯堂为次子所居，居中为尊。体现了宗子的尊贵地位和宗子与非宗子等级与地位的差别。中路官衙、内宅界限分明，体现了男女授受不亲，内处有别。轴线上。正房与厢房，中门与边门，体现了主人与下人的尊卑差别。建筑物的名字也打着儒家思想的印记，“一贯堂”、“忠恕堂”、“安怀堂”等既赞扬孔子的忠怨思想和使人安乐的政治理想，又显示孔子嫡孙努力仿效的决心，“东学”、“西学”，既赞扬孔子创学设教的功绩，又表明孔子嫡孙继承诗礼传家、好学重教传统的态度。
孔庙、孔林、孔府建筑群凝聚了历代建筑的精华，极具建筑艺术之美。同时在建筑的布局、规划和装饰等方面，也反映出的儒家思想的精髓。它们不仅是名闻天下、内涵丰富的文化类遗产，同时还拥有大量有价值的自然遗产。“三孔”内生长的17000余株古树名木不仅见证了“三孔”的发展历史，同时也是研究古代物候学、气候学和生态学的宝贵素材。
三孔导游词讲解篇六
dear guests
hello! entrusted by the tourism and reception departments, i would like toextend a warm welcome to all the guests visiting qufu, a famous city. i am veryglad to be accompanied by a tour guide. this is a good opportunity for us toenjoy and study together. please leave your valuable comments after reading.
first of all, i would like to briefly introduce the history and culturalrelics of qufu.
qufu, a famous historical and cultural city, is the hometown of confucius,a great thinker, educator, politician, literature arranger and sage of the worldin ancient china, the hometown of mencius, the birthplace of xuanyuan yellowemperor, the ancestor of the chinese nation, the capital of yan emperor, thehometown of shang and yin, and the capital of lu. four of the three emperors andfive emperors lived and worked here for more than 5000 years. there are abundanttreasures underground and numerous cultural relics on the ground. at present,there are 112 cultural relics, including un protected units, 3 world culturalheritage sites, 4 national protected sites, 12 provincial protected sites, andothers protected at prefecture level.
the most important ones are "three confucius, two temples and onemausoleum", "three mountains, two forests and one temple". confucius temple,confucius mansion and confucius forest are commonly known as "three confucius".there are temples dedicated to zhou gong, the sage of the yuan dynasty in china,and temples dedicated to fusheng yanhui, the first disciple of confucius, whichare commonly known as "two temples"; yiling is shaohao mausoleum in shouqiu, thebirthplace of yellow emperor; sanshan; and jiuxian mountain (also known asjiushan), the birthplace of confucius. the second forest is: mengmulin, the bestmother to educate children in the world, lianggonglin, the burial place ofconfucius' parents; "yisi" is the place where li bai and du fu wrote poems,answered correctly and parted. the famous scholar kong shangren lived inseclusion in shimen temple, the national garden.
now let's look at the confucius temple.
confucius temple, also known as zhisheng temple, is a place for offeringsacrifices to confucius and his wife qi guan and 72 sages. together with theforbidden city in beijing and chengde summer resort in hebei, confucius templeis known as china's three major ancient architectural complexes. experts saidfour words to confucius temple: the oldest, the most grand, the most completepreservation, and the most prominent oriental architectural features. twoproblems can be seen from the confucius temple: one is the great contribution ofconfucius to china and even the oriental culture; the other is that china hascraftsmen in history.
confucius temple was built in 478 bc, the year after confucius died. in theformer residence of confucius, three temples were built to display confucius'clothes, cars, books and so on. the confucius temple was expanded by emperors ofall dynasties, including 15 major repairs, 31 medium repairs and hundreds ofminor repairs, reaching the present scale. the confucius temple imitates theimperial palace. it is spanided into three layout, nine courtyards. it has 466houses and 54 gates and pavilions. it runs through a central axis from east towest. there are nearly one thousand steles, covering an area of 327.5 mu, whichis two li and 150 meters long. the confucius temple we see now is the scale ofthe hongzhi period of the ming dynasty. after liberation, the state allocatedfunds for maintenance and protection for many times. the first batch of nationalkey cultural relic protection units announced by china were listed as worldcultural heritage in december 1994, and became cultural relic units protected bythe united nations. confucius temple has been built for a long time, has a largescale, and is completely preserved, which is rare in the world.
shinto. "wanren palace wall" before the ancient cypress vigorous thissection of the road is "shinto". in front of important temples, there is aspecial way of respecting and understanding, which is called "shinto".
wanren palace wall. this gate is the south gate of ming city in qufu, andit is also the first gate of confucius temple. it is hung with the fourcharacters of "wanren palace wall", which was written by emperor qianlong ofqing dynasty. it comes from zi gong, the proud disciple of confucius. at themeeting of the state of lu, it was proposed that zigong's knowledge was broadand profound, which could be compared with confucius. zigong stood upimmediately and said, i dare not compare with my teacher confucius. humanknowledge is like a wall. my wall is only one ren high, and my teacher's wall isseveral ren high. that is to say, my knowledge is equal to a shoulder high,clear at a glance, nothing profound; confucius' knowledge is several times asmuch as mine, after detailed research, comprehensive discussion, we canunderstand all of him, after entering the door, we can see the beauty of thetemple, you can't see it outside the door. in order to describe confucius'profound knowledge, later generations changed from the master's wall to "hundredren" and "thousand ren" to the emperor of ming dynasty who granted confucius thetitle of "civil servant in the world, imperial teacher of all dynasties", andpraised confucius' knowledge as "ten thousand ren". looking up, we can't see thetop. it also said that the wall was very solid. these four words were originallywritten by the imperial envoy of ming dynasty. in order to show that he attachedgreat importance to confucius, qianlong replaced his imperial pen with hispersonal letter "wanren palace wall".
jin sheng yu zhen fang. this workshop was built in ming dynasty to expressconfucius' exquisite and perfect knowledge, just like the whole process ofplaying music, which is complete from beginning to end. ancient music beginswith the ringing of a bell, which starts with the sound of "the beginning oforder" and ends with the striking of a chime. the sound of "jade vibration" isthe sound of the falling of the chime, which is called "the end of order".praising confucius' knowledge is a great achievement of the sages and sages, soit is called "the sound of gold and the sound of jade vibration". the sound of"golden sound" is the sound of the bell, which starts with the sound of "jadevibration" and ends with the sound of the chime. this is also the source of theidiom "start and finish". "jin sheng yu zhen" was written by hu zuanzong, agreat calligrapher in ming dynasty.
"two cypresses bear one hole". there is an ancient cypress in the east andwest of the single hole stone arch bridge passing yuzhenfang, so it is called"two cypresses bear one hole". this bridge is called "panshui bridge", which isconnected with the water in the pan pool beside the palace, so it is called "panwater". in the past, when i read the book of confucius and mencius, i wasadmitted to higher education, which is called "entering hope". officials hope tobe promoted, do business, hope to get rich, and live a prosperous life.
dismount monument. outside the temple wall, there are two stone tablets,the xiama tablet and xiajiao tablet, which were set up in 1191 ad. the stele inthe west had been destroyed, and the stele in the east said, "officials andpeople wait to get off here.". in the past, civil and military officials andcommon people passed by, dismounted and walked on foot to show respect forconfucius and confucius temple.
lattice star gate. it was built in the ming dynasty and rebuilt in 1754 was made of wood instead of iron and stone. "lingxingmen" was written byemperor qianlong. it is said that there are twenty-eight constellations in thesky. among them, there is a star in charge of culture called "lingxing", alsoknown as "wenqu star" and "tianzhenxing". it connects confucius with the star incharge of culture in the sky and says that he is the highest in culture. forexample, in the past, when worshiping heaven, we should first worship "wenqustar". there is a saying that respecting confucius is like respectingheaven.
taihe yuanqi square. this workshop was built in 1544 a.d. in the mingdynasty. it highly praises confucius's idea that "the space universe can nurtureall things.". "the harmony of heaven and earth, the harmony of the four sides,the harmony of yin and yang" is the most basic thing, the harmony of theuniverse and the vitality of the human world. "taihe yuanqi" is written by zengmian, governor of shandong province.
the most holy temple. the "zhisheng temple square" built in the mingdynasty is made of white marble, decorated with flame jewels.
the world of moral mou, the road crown ancient and modern. the east andwest of the taoist temple are lined with a very strange memorial nded by wooden corner edges, there are a thousand heads and ten thousandcontinuations. there are eight monsters under it, which are called "heavendragon and god lion". it is said that it is dignified and inspired, which candrive away evil and uphold justice. in the eastern memorial archway, it waswritten: "demou heaven and earth", saying that the benefits of confucius' ideasto human beings are as high as heaven and earth, and the merits and virtues canbe compared with heaven and earth. the memorial archway in the west reads"daoguan ancient and modern", praising confucius' thoughts and methods, whichare the highest in the world.
holy time gate. the three gates are parallel, the four platforms are thesame as above, and the central panlong. the name of this gate comes frommencius. for the four ancient sages, boyi, yiyin, liuxiahui and confucius,mencius summed up the four saints' holy deeds into four sentences: boyi is thesage of the qing dynasty, yiyin is the sage of the appointed, liuxiahui is thesage of the sum, and confucius is the sage of the time. "shengshi" highlypraises confucius' thought, advocates enduring, and is a sage suitable for thetimes. when the emperor came to qufu to court confucius, he had to kneel downthree times and knock nine times, and walk through the gate of holy time. whenyan shenggong was born, he opened the gate of holy time. all go fast, the gateis high.
let's have a quick look at the gate. that is to say, confucius' knowledgeof "five classics and four books" means that those who learn first have culturefirst, and those who learn first have knowledge first. they compete to learn,and it is a pleasure to see first and read first.
look up at the door. it was named after yan hui's praise of confucius. yanhui said that the teacher's way is to raise the top and drill the bottom. praiseconfucius for his lack of knowledge, which is called "mi gao". it is difficultto understand classical chinese, which is called "mi jian". gao is notunattainable, but can be learned through hard work. yan hui said, "the masterfollowed the rules and was good at attracting people. he learned from me inwriting and said that i was polite." my teacher is good at persuasion, teachingme culture and courtesy.
han stone man. in the pavilion of yanggaomenli, there are two han stonepeople with high historical value. one is the "pavilion leader" (a localofficial of han dynasty), and the other is the pawn of the palace gate. they areall guards in front of the tomb of the king of lu. the stone man is valued bythe ancient scholars of epigraphy, which is of great value to the study of handynasty clothing and writing.
jinshui bridge, this bridge, with the same name as the bridge in front ofthe forbidden city, is also called jinshui bridge, also known as bishui bridge,with three holes arranged in a row and green water rippling.
hongdaomen. crossing jinshuiqiao is the "hongdaomen" appointed by theemperor of ming dynasty, which means "people can promote taoism, not taoism" inthe analects of confucius. confucius is an ordinary literati, why become asaint? praise confucius summed up the experience of sages, especially carryforward the yao, shun, yu tang, civil and military zhou gong's way. "to say thatpeople can command and create everything is to praise people's subjectiveinitiative." there are two stone tablets under the hongdao gate. the four edgedstone tablet in the east is the "history of qufu", which records the history ofqufu's evolution. it was established in the yuan dynasty and has high historicalvalue. in the west is the "epitaph of mr. chushi", which has high calligraphyvalue.
big middle gate. dazhongmen is the gate of confucius temple in songdynasty. it is called "zhonghe gate", which means that problems can be solvedeasily with confucius' thoughts. in the ming dynasty, the temple was renamed as"the great gate of the middle", praising confucius' knowledge as a collection ofhuman knowledge. in the middle, it means "the right way of the world in themiddle, the theorem of the world in the middle". those who leave the middle arenot the right way, but the evil way. that is to say, no left, no right, fair andjust, forward is the mean. there are two turrets at the east and west ends ofdazhong gate, which are used to guard the confucius temple.
tongwenmen, four famous brands, confucian temple. there are four monumentsin the middle gate. the tablet of hongzhi in the west of the ming dynasty talksabout the ethics of the cardinal principles. on the right side of the hongzhimonument is the "confucian temple map" drawn by li dongyang, a talented man ofthe ming dynasty in changsha, hunan province, which is of high value.
chenghua stele was erected by zhu jianshen, the emperor of chenghua in mingdynasty. there are two situations that have attracted the attention ofcelebrities of all ages. first, chenghua tablet's regular script is wellwritten, standardized, exquisite and attractive; the second is the highestevaluation of confucius. emperors of all dynasties have commented on highest evaluation is emperor chenghua. he compares confucius' ideas andmethods to eating, dressing and spending money. one day is inseparable fromthem. with confucius' principles and methods, one can make the best use of one'stalents, materials and land. otherwise, it will be a mess. it is said that ifthere is confucius' way, there will be a world. if there is no confucius' way,there will be no world. if there is anti confucius' way, there will be no as the inscription said: "i only have confucius's way, the world can not bewithout yan, there is confucius's way, then the principle of justice and ethics,everything has its own place..., confucius's way in the world, such as cloth sushu, people's livelihood daily use can not be short of,... born confuciusvertical for the holy, life's safety, benevolence and righteousness in theright, the rise of the teacher's way, from travel 3000, to the holy is thenext."
tongwenmen. the meaning of the word "human heart" is the same as that ofthe text. that is to say, only with concerted efforts and unity can we do a goodjob; the writing should be unified, only with unified writing can we record theexperience of historical communication, and random writing will lead toconfusion. tongwen gate is an important barrier in front of kuiwen pavilion.
kuiwen pavilion, originally a library, is a place for collecting booksgranted by the emperor. it was built in the second year of emperor tianxi ofsong dynasty (a.d. 1018), and was changed into "kuiwenge" when jin zhangzongrebuilt it. this unique and majestic building is entirely of wood structure,which is an isolated example in the construction of china building. afterseveral earthquakes, kuiwenge was not destroyed. in the earthquake of kangxi 5years in qing dynasty, "nine out of ten houses fell, one out of ten remained,and kuiwenge remained motionless.". li dongyang, the minister of the ministry ofofficial in ming dynasty, wrote "kuiwenge fu", praising the architecturalresearch value of kuiwenge. it's the stele at the east end of the corridor.
in front of the pavilion, the eastern and western courtyards are called"zhaisu", which is a place for worshippers to fast and bathe. dongyuan is theresidence of yan shenggong, where kangxi and qianlong spent their time to west courtyard is the shelter of the sacrificial staff. kong zhaoxun, theseventy-one generation grandson of confucius, inlaid more than 130 steles in thetemple for worshiping confucius in the song, yuan, ming and qing dynasties onthe wall of the courtyard, so xizhaisu is also known as the stele courtyard.
thirteen stele pavilions. this is the sixth courtyard of the confuciustemple. there are 55 steles in the pavilion, which were erected in tang, song,jin, yuan, ming and qing dynasties. the contents of the steles are the emperors,imperial envoys' worship of confucius, the posthumous title and evaluation ofconfucius. the records of the previous construction of the confucius temple arewritten in han, manchu, mongolian and basiba languages. eight in the south andfive in the north, so it is called thirteen stele pavilions. because they areall steles approved by the emperor, they are also called imperial stelepavilions. the third and sixth pavilions in the front row from the east werebuilt in the jin dynasty and are rare buildings in china. all the steles arecalled "imperial steles". "mian" is the mascot. it is said that the dragon kinghas nine sons, and it is the eighth son. it loves "wen" and is good at carryingheavy loads. the stone tablet has heavy characters, which is suitable for itscharacteristics. the image should be the dragon head, turtle body, eagle leg andsnake tail.
from the east to the north, the third pavilion is a monument erected byemperor kangxi. beijing xishan stone by the grand canal, economic south andtransported here. experts calculate that the monument weighs 130000 jin. it wassplashed with water and frozen along the way from jining. sometimes it came overon the ice and only went to the land of lying cattle one day. qufu originallyhad good stones, which should be transported from beijing to show the emperor'sattention to confucius. there are two steles in the southeast and southwest ofthe courtyard, all of which are the records of the princes and ministers whobuilt temples and worshipped confucius. the calligraphy value is very high.
there is one gate in the east and one in the west, yucui gate in the eastand guande gate in the west. commonly known as donghuamen, xihuamen.
from here, the confucius temple is spanided into three routes. the fivegates are dacheng gate, jinsheng gate on the left, yuzhen gate on the right,qisheng gate on the west and chengsheng gate on the east. the architecturalstructure of dachengmen is "intertwined, intriguing". the center is inserted as"hook center", and the top of the left and right four corners is "bucket angle".the three characters of dachengmen were written by emperor yongzheng. praiseconfucius is a collection of sages and sages, reached the supreme realm.
the first teacher planted juniper by hand. the tall and vigorous cypresstree on the left of dacheng gate was planted by confucius. according to records:confucius cut three cypress trees here. in the second year of jin zhenyou (a.d.1214), they were destroyed by fire. the trees withered and sprouted newbranches. there were "three withers and three glories", and there was a sayingthat "cypress trees were flourishing every day.". during the wanli period of theming dynasty, yang guangxun, a gifted scholar, wrote five characters: "the firstteacher planted cypress by hand.".
two long corridors. on both sides of the two equal rows of houses, a totalof 80, known as the "east and west veranda", is dedicated to 72 sages. confuciusis known as a disciple of three thousand, 72 people who are proficient in sixarts, literature and martial arts, worshipped in the east and west. all theemperors of the past dynasties were entitled to the sages. such as dongzhongshu, han yu, wang mingyang, zhuge liang, kou zhun, yue fei and so on. bythe time of the republic of china, there were 156. the last sage is mr. liangqichao. the original statues and tablets were changed to wooden wu now displays a collection of zhonggui stone carvings before the songdynasty. the most precious national treasures of zhou gongxunzi and batpracticing medicine are 22 stone inscriptions of han and wei dynasties. the"ritual stele", "yiying stele", "shichen stele", "zhang menglong stele" and "mifu stele" with extremely high calligraphy value are rare treasures. there aremore than 100 pieces of "han dynasty stone carvings" on display in xiwu. theyare all well-known art treasures and precious materials for the study of han,wei and other historical and social life. there are 584 stone inscriptions ondisplay at the north end of the east veranda, which are the yuhonglou sutraswritten by kong jisu, the 69 generation grandson of confucius.
apricot altar. it was built in memory of confucius' lecture. confucius wasteaching to his disciples on the platform under the big apricot tree. in 1018a.d. of song dynasty, confucius had 45 generations
三孔导游词讲解篇七
before i came to qufu, many of my friends may have known a lot about qufuand confucius, but some of them didn't know much about them. now, before i enterthe scenic spots, i'd like to briefly introduce qufu and confucius.
qufu is located in the southwest of shandong province, china. there are620000 people in qufu, including an urban population of 100000 and an area of890 square kilometers. the word "qufu" first appeared in erya. ying shaoexplained in the eastern han dynasty that there was a fu in the city of lu, andweiqu was seven or eight li long, so it was named "qufu". in 1012, the fifthyear of dazhongxiangfu, emperor zhenzong of the song dynasty, in order tocommemorate the birth of xuanyuan yellow emperor, the ancestor of the chinesenation, in qufu, he once changed his name to xianyuan county. in 1129, emperortaizong of the jin dynasty renamed qufu, which is still in use today. qufu is asmall city. however, qufu is also an ancient city with 5000 years ofcivilization and culture. in this sacred and ancient land, there are four peopleleft traces of the three emperors and five emperors in ancient chinese ing to historical records, emperor century and other historical records,"the yellow emperor was born in shouqiu", "shaohao ascended the throne from thepoor sang, called qufu as the capital, and was buried in yunyang mountain". now,eight miles east of qufu, there is still a pyramid tomb, shaohao is a chinese saying that "people go to the top, water flows to thebottom". can we understand that our ancestors of the chinese nation migratedfrom here, from the middle and lower reaches of the yellow river to the centralplains, to the loess plateau, while our mother's rivers, the yellow river andthe yangtze river, galloped down from the loess plateau, and finally flowed intothe sea in fact, most of the sages in jiangbei came from qufu. in the feudaltimes of china, there were six saints granted by the emperor. they wereconfucius, mencius, fushengyanzi, shushengzisi, zongshengzengzi andyuanshengzhougong. the first four were born in qufu. the last two were disciplesof confucius and fiefdoms in qufu. zhougong was the king of the state of lu for33 generations, and shandong has been called lu since then. now there are manycultural relics in qufu, including 4 national cultural relics, 11 provincialrelics and more than 100 municipal relics. in 1982, qufu was announced by thestate council as one of the first batch of 24 historical and cultural cities inchina. in 1994, qufu's "three confucius" was officially listed as a worldcultural heritage by the united nations. because of its important contributionto oriental culture, many people call qufu one of the three holy cities in theworld: "oriental mecca". here, you have to ponder, but also can not helpfeeling, because here is deeply rooted in the chinese nation, deeply rooted intraditional chinese culture.
dear friends, in china, in the east, a land with a history of 5000 years ofcivilization, you may not understand the inscriptions on bronzes, or what thehuman head and animal body represent or symbolize. however, when you walk intothe life of the chinese people and walk on the ancient land where the chinesenation thrives and works to create, you can feel and touch the confucian culturein the daily life of the chinese people, and then you can experience thedifferences between the chinese people and other nationalities in their way oflife, customs and ideals. no matter from which angle or level you explore thepersonality and character of the chinese nation, it is not difficult to find thegene of confucian culture. in the long process of historical evolution,confucian culture has almost become the synonym of chinese traditional founder of confucian culture is confucius.
confucius was born in 551 b.c. and died in 479 b.c. at the age of 73. whenconfucius was 3 years old, his father uncle liang he died. when he was 16 yearsold, his mother yan zheng died. young confucius became an orphan and began hislife of making a living, studying and struggling alone in a hierarchical feudalsociety.
as a young man, confucius studied hard and asked questions frequently. inhis youth, he mastered the six arts of etiquette, music, archery, imperial,calligraphy and mathematics, and then mastered the six classics of poetry,calligraphy, etiquette, music, changes and spring and autumn, which laid thefoundation for the establishment of confucian culture.
at the age of 30, confucius set up a school to teach students, and began along education career. he was the first to give private lectures in china, toface the public, and to advocate "education without discrimination". he becamethe first great educator in china and the world.
when confucius was 51 years old, he became a magistrate of zhongdu , he worked as a prime minister in lu. however, not long after that, heresigned and left the state of lu to begin his 14 year tour of othercountries.
when confucius returned to the state of lu at the age of 68, he devotedalmost all his energy to teaching and literature collation until his ius's life is a life of wandering and suffering, a life of hard work andencouragement, a life of spring breeze and rain, a life of cultivating talents,a life of writing books and writing stories, and a life of saving the , although his body has gone up in smoke and ashes, his thoughts havepenetrated into the hearts of every oriental. he has cast the personality andcharacter of the chinese nation. with the development of history and socialprogress, confucius will also guide mankind to stride into the 21st century.
there are many cultural relics and tourist attractions in qufu, most ofwhich are related to confucius and confucius culture. now we are located in thesouth gate of the ancient city of qufuming. to the north of the gate is theconfucius temple, which is known as one of the three ancient buildings in are four characters "wanren palace wall" above the gate. ren is an ancientunit of length, one ren is about 8 feet. it is said that some people praisedconfucius disciple zigong for his knowledge. after hearing that, zigong said,"human knowledge is like a palace wall. my knowledge is only as high as the topof the wall. people can see everything in the wall when they see it. butconfucius, my teacher, has several walls. if you don't find other doors, youcan't see the beauty of the temple and the variety of houses inside the wall.".in order to express their admiration for confucius, hu zuanzong in ming dynastywrote "wanren palace wall" on the city gate. in order to show his worship forconfucius, emperor qianlong in qing dynasty took down the stele and replaced itwith "wanren palace wall". this is the origin of "wanren palace wall".
confucius temple is a temple built by later generations to offer sacrificesto confucius. it was built in the second year after confucius died. with an areaof 327.5 mu, it imitates the imperial palace system. it is spanided into ninecourtyards and arranged symmetrically on the left and right. the whole buildingcomplex has 466 rooms, including five halls, one pavilion, one altar, twoverandas, two halls, 17 stele pavilions and 54 gate squares, with a length ofabout 1 km from north to south. confucius temple is the only isolated example inthe history of architecture in the world, which is magnificent, large in area,long in history and well preserved.
outside the east wall of the gate of confucius temple, there is a tabletsaying "officials and people wait to dismount here". in the past, any officialwho came here, military officials would dismount and civil officials woulddismount to show respect for confucius.
the first stone square of confucius temple is called "jin sheng yu zhensquare". mencius once had such a comment on confucius, he said: "confucius iscalled jidacheng, jidacheng, jinsheng and yuzhenzhi.". "jin sheng, yu zhen"refers to the whole process of playing music, which starts with striking thebell and ends with striking the rock. it refers to the great achievement ofconfucius' thought of gathering ancient sages and sages. on the lotus throneabove the stone square, there is a unicorn monster called "ward off evilspirits" or "roar from the sky". this is the only ornament that can be used inthe royal palace of feudal society.
the first gate of confucius temple is called "lingxing gate". "latticestar" is also known as tiantian star. the ancients worshipped heaven first."lingxingmen" was written by qianlong. "taihe yuanqi" square is similar to"jinsheng yuzhen" square. the inscription is written by zeng mian, governor ofshandong province in ming dynasty, praising confucius thought as heaven andearth produce all things. there is a waist gate in the east and west of thecourtyard, and it is written in the east that "demou is as big as heaven andearth, and his theory is the best in ancient and modern times.". this gate iscalled "shengshi gate". from here, we can feel profound and profound. the word"holy time" is taken from the sentence "confucius, the sage of the time" inmencius, which means that among the sages, confucius is the most suitable onefor the times.
when you cross the shengshi gate, you will face the small stone bridge,which is called bishui bridge. there are two gates on both sides of the bridgeto the south. the east gate is called "quick view gate", which means to seefirst. the west gate is called "yanggao gate", which praises confucius' profoundknowledge. when we enter the gate, we call it "hongdao gate". these three wordsare taken from the sentence "people can promote taoism" in the analects ofconfucius. weixing gong, in order to praise confucius for expounding the "tao"of yao, shun, tang and wenwu. this gate is also the gate of confucius temple in1377. then there is "dazhongmen". dazhongmen is the gate of confucius temple insong dynasty. its original name is "gonghemen". its meaning is related toconfucius' doctrine of the mean. looking south from this gate, we can see thehistorical evolution of confucius temple on the one hand, and the continuousexpansion of confucius temple on the other. these buildings include qing dynastybuildings, ming dynasty buildings and song dynasty buildings. they were built indifferent times the craftsmen are different, but they all cooperate with eachother and complement each other to form a whole. looking at the confucius templearchitecture, we can see part of the development history of chinese feudalsociety.
this monument was erected in 1468, the fourth year of chenghua in mingdynasty, so it is also called "chenghua monument". it was erected by zhujianshen, emperor xianzong of ming dynasty. the monument is 6 meters high and 2meters wide. this tablet is famous for its exquisite calligraphy, and itsinscription is written in the form of argumentation, which can be said to be themost highly respected of confucius. please look at the upper right corner. itsays: "only the way of confucius can not be absent in one day when there is aworld." it also says: "the way of confucius is in the world, like cloth, silk,millet and shu, and people's daily use can not be absent.". the animal under themonument is not a tortoise. it's called _ 屭. it's the son of the dragon. it canbear heavy loads, so it's used to carry the monument. there's a saying that "adragon has nine sons, but not a dragon". in the confucius temple, you can seethe dragon and his nine sons. local people often come here to touch _ 屭. theysay: "touch _ 屭's head, never worry, touch _ 屭, never get sick.".
the wooden structure in front of us is called "kuiwen pavilion", which usedto be the library of confucius temple. "kuixing" is one of the twenty-eightconstellations, with sixteen stars, "buckled and hooked, like a painting ofwords". later, people evolved it into the head of civil servants. the feudalemperors compared confucius to the kuixing star in the sky, so confucius wasalso known as "civil servants of all ages". the pavilion is 23.35 meters high,30.1 meters wide and 17.62 meters deep, with triple cornices and four layers ofbrackets. its structure is solid and reasonable. during the reign of emperorkangxi, there was a big earthquake in qufu, where "nine houses in the worldexist, one in the world exists". however, kuiwen pavilion stands upright andsafe, which shows the wisdom and superb architectural art of the ancient workingpeople in china.
we are now entering the sixth courtyard of the confucius temple. in frontof you are 13 stele pavilions, 8 in the south and 5 in the north. there are 55stone tablets of tang, song, yuan, ming and qing dynasties in the pavilion. mostof the inscriptions are in chinese, ba si ba and manchu. the stone tablet in themiddle of this row, weighing about 65 tons, was collected from xishan mountainin beijing. at that time, it was a miracle to transport such a weight stonetablet from thousands of miles away to qufu. there is one gate in the east andone gate in the west of the courtyard, which is the third waist gate of theconfucius temple.
now we enter dachengmen. dachengmen refers to dachengmen in the are five gates in this row. the most western gate is qishengmen, which isdedicated to confucius' parents. dachengmen in the middle road is supplementedby jinshengmen and yuzhenmen. the middle road is the most central place ofconfucius temple, and chengshengmen in the east, which was confucius' formerresidence.
as we all know, confucius is a great thinker, educator and statesman. inour opinion, confucius is first of all an educator. he is the first teacher inchina. the feudal emperor named him "the most sage and the first teacher" and"the model of all ages". it should be said that he is a teacher of all mankindand is worthy of the name of "engineer of human soul". the "apricot altar" infront of us is said to be the place where confucius set up the altar to givelectures, and the pavilion was built in the jin dynasty to commemorate it. thefamous scholar dang huaiying wrote the word "apricot altar". there is an apricottree beside the altar, planted by later generations. in early spring, redflowers bloom and green leaves sway. therefore, when emperor qianlong came topay homage, he once wrote a poem praising it. the poem said: when the rice wasin full bloom again, how could it be that there were many flowers in the world,and the civilization was prosperous all the time.
the main hall standing in front of us is the world-famous "dacheng hall".it is one of the "three main halls" in china. it is as famous as the "taihehall" in the forbidden city of beijing and the "tianfu hall" in the dai templeof mount tai. the hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.78 meters wide and 24.8 metersdeep, with carved beams and painted buildings. the golden wall is brilliant,especially the 28 stone pillars around it. they are all world culturaltreasures. they are all carved with whole stones. the front 10 are deep reliefs,with two dragons playing with pearls on each pillar. they are coiled and rising,lifelike, powerful and varied. in the past, when the emperor came, he wrappedthe pillar in yellow cloth. if they see it, they will be ashamed. there are 72dragons in each column, a total of 1296. in the dacheng hall, there are fourstatues of confucius on both sides. the east and west are fusheng yanhui,shusheng kongji, and the west is zongsheng zengshen and yasheng mencius. another12. every year, on september 26 and 28, we hold a grand international confuciusculture festival and a ceremony to commemorate the birth of confucius, performlarge-scale music and dance for confucius and "xiao shao music and dance", andhold a variety of cultural and tourism activities. welcome to our time.
三孔导游词讲解篇八
天贶殿后面是后寝三宫，中为正寝宫，面阔五间，两边为配寝宫，各三间，宋真宗大中祥符五年(公元1020xx年)诏封泰山神为“天齐仁圣帝”后，考虑到还缺个皇后，便于同年封了一个“淑明后”，并为“她”修建了后宫，从“嫔妃”则居住配寝宫。封建统治者为了达到“借神安民”的目的，真可谓“用心良苦，处心积虑了”。
天贶殿两侧为东西碑廊，各种碑碣汉画像石琳琅满目，泰山历代碑刻精品大都集中在这里。这些碑刻几乎集中国书法之大成，上追晋代“二王”，下承宋朝“四大家”，真草隶篆，体例俱全;颜柳欧赵，风格各异，其中有七大汉碑的《衡方碑》、《张迁碑》;晋代三大丰碑之一的《孙夫人碑》;造形新颖，书法相异的《双束碑》;泰山佛教记事名碑《大唐齐州神宝寺碑》等共19块，均具有很高的历史文物价值和书法艺术价值。
西侧廊内陈列的48块汉画像石是自1960年以来，几次清理大汶口和旧县东的汉画像石墓而集。这些汉画像石，内容丰富，取材广泛，有的反映车马出行、乐舞百戏等社会生活;有的描述神话故事;也有反映历史人物的，画面图案工整，造型生动，在雕刻技法上，把中国传统的画技同线刻、浮雕揉合一体，体现出古拙质朴、雄健壮美的特点，是研究中国古代文化艺术和东汉社会生活的重要实物资料。
出碑廊，过炳灵门，是“汉柏院”。院内原有“炳灵殿”，毁于民国年间。院中五棵高大的古柏，枝桠交错，若虬龙蟠旋，相传为汉武帝于元封元年(公元前120xx年)封禅泰山时所植，距今已有两千多年，“汉柏院”由此得名。
院北的“汉碑亭”是1959年在炳灵殿故址上修建的，亭子建立在三层石砌的高大台基上，十分壮观。台基壁上镶嵌乾隆五十九年(公元1749年)泰安知县何人鳞所书杜甫的《望?gt;>和《秋兴》等名人诗刻。登上亭子极目四望，天光云影，心宽臆阔，岱庙全景，泰城全貌尽收眼底。
汉柏院内碑碣林立，约计90余块。其中有后人隶书的东汉张衡的《四愁诗》、曹植的《飞友篇》，有后人篆书陆机的《泰山吟》、谢灵运的《泰山吟》以及宋朝大书法家米芾《第一山》、明崇祯年间陈昌言、左佩铉题篆的《汉柏图赞》、乾隆皇帝御制的《汉柏图》和当代众多名人留下的墨迹。置身于碑林之中就象读了一部中国的历史，接受民族的熏陶，，会给每一个严肃的观赏都留下不尽的思索。
由汉柏院向北行，穿过幽静的小花园进入一个小巧玲珑的四合院。这里是古帝王祭祀泰山时居住的地方，因座落在东华门内，故称“东御座”。其建筑为元至正七年(公元1347年)所建，明代称迎宾堂，乾隆三十五年(公元1770年)改称驻跸亭。东御座由长城花门、仪门、大门、正殿和厢房组成，院内建筑精美，绿树掩映，清静幽雅，给人以超世绝尘之感。五间正殿高筑台基之上，殿内按清宫设置作复原陈列，有乾隆帝腊人座像，有龙墩、龙椅、立柜、方桌等紫檀家具及各种大理石花纹饰和金丝锈古器型的挂屏以及文房四宝。著名的“温凉玉雕花圭”、“沉香狮子”和“黄地兰花瓷葫芦”是乾隆二十七年、三十六年朝拜泰山时的供品，并称泰山“镇山三宝”。大门和殿堂里身着清代古装的“卫士”、“宫女”以清庭礼仪迎接游客，使游人仿佛回到远古的时代，浮想联翩。
殿堂台基下立一石碑，用玻璃护罩，这就是驰名中外的“名山刻石之祖”秦刻石。《泰山秦刻石》镌刻秦始皇功德铭和秦二世诏书，为丞相李斯书写。他以简练秀雅的小篆代替了当时笔画繁赘的大篆，字迹刚劲挺拔，一扫众家肥呆之气，碑文共222字，后渐泯灭，明嘉靖年间还尚存29字，原立在岱顶玉女池旁，后经沧桑沉沦，几次失而复得，今唯剩10个残字，完整者七。堪称稀世之宝，被列为国家一级文物。
出寝宫向北，为岱庙的最后一进院落。东西两座花园内各种盆景千姿百态，艺术地再现了泰山的一景一物，奇花异草。西南方西台上的铁塔铸于明嘉靖十二年(公元1533年)，原为13级，现仅存3级，造型质朴，仍不失当年风采，与铁塔对峙的东南方台基上的铜亭，又称“金阙”，为全铜铸造，仿木结构，高4.4米，阔3.4，明万历四十三年(公元1620xx年)铸于岱顶碧霞祠，为供奉碧霞元君而建。明末清初移于山下灵应宫，1972年迁入岱庙，是目前国内仅存的三大铜亭之一。
“厚载门”是岱庙的最后一道门，是1984年重建的。门上有“望岳阁”三间，黄瓦明廊，红柱隔扇，犹如空中琼阁。站在阁上仰望岱岳雄姿，青山绕白云，绿树生轻烟，天门云梯宛若游龙浮挂天边。
出厚载门北行为红门路，过岱宗大街不远即到登山之起点，泰山的山门——岱宗坊，由此起步，将步步登高，饱览泰山的最佳风景，直至登“天”
