当前位置:网站首页 >> 作文 >> 2023年二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿(10篇)

2023年二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿(10篇)

格式:DOC 上传日期:2023-03-23 17:24:07
2023年二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿(10篇)
时间:2023-03-23 17:24:07     小编:zdfb

范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。写范文的时候需要注意什么呢?有哪些格式需要注意呢?这里我整理了一些优秀的范文,希望对大家有所帮助,下面我们就来了解一下吧。

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇一

虽说学生已经掌握了平行四边形的特征和长方形面积的计算方法,也已经有了“利用数方格推导长方形面积计算方法”的这一活动经验。但是长方形面积的计算是三年级的时候学的,四年级没有涉及到图形面积的计算,只是认识了平行四边形,如果在不看书的情况下,引入新课教学,学生很难想到用数方格的方法去求面积。所以学生已经淡忘了“数方格求面积”的这种方法。再加上小学生的空间想象力不够丰富,这都对平行四边形面积计算公式的推导造成一定的困难。

为了有效地突出重点,突破难点,从学生已有的知识水平和认识规律出发,让学生在“复习旧知---大胆猜想---推理判断---动手实践---直观验证”的学习过程中,启发学生用“转化”的思想,动手操作,推导归纳出平行四边形面积计算的公式。充分发挥直观教具教学在知识形成过程中的积极作用, 从而使学生从感性认识上升到理性认识,最终体会到知识的由来,引发学生主动探索问题的积极态度,培养学生动手、动口、动脑的能力,使学生的观察能力、操作能力、抽象概括能力逐步提高。

布卢姆认为,在影响信息的所有变量中,认知前提占百分之五十。长方形面积计算是平行四边形面积计算的生长点,是认知的前提。为架起新旧知识之间的桥梁,我设计了几个问题让学生回忆长方形面积是怎么求的。想一想我们三年级的时候是怎么推导出公式来的。然后直接出示平行四边形的图形,让学生思考平行四边形的面积可以怎么求,并由此导入新课。

自主探究是新课程改革的最大亮点,也是课堂教学的难点。 它难在学生在探究之前对结果一无所知,必须先进行猜想,然后才能实验验证。

1、大胆猜想,展示自己观点。直接向学生呈现问题:展开你的想象猜一猜,平行四边形的面积该怎样计算呢?并以此作为展开教学的依据引起学生探究的欲望,开展下面的探索活动。

2、推理判断,展示真实思维。我采用了先证伪,再证真的过程。(30+20)×2是不是平行四边形的面积呢?大部分学生能够判断出这样算出的是平行四边形的周长,而不是面积。那么30×20也就是底边乘邻边是不是平行四边形的面积呢?学生根据已有知识经验,平行四边形一拉变成长方形,认为30×20就是平行四边形的面积,通过演示把平行四边形拉成长方形,观察发现拉成的长方形面积变大了,30×20是拉成的长方形面积,而不是平行四边形的面积。我接着追问:你从哪里看到面积变了,请你上来画一画,指一指。第二种猜想也被排除了。那30×12也就是底乘高可以吗?为什么?这时学生看出了把右边的三角形剪下来补在左边,把平行四边形转化成长方形,底乘高对了。为了突破难点,这时我设计了一个疑问:刚才把平行四边形拉成长方形,底乘邻边算出的不是平行四边形的面积。现在也是变成长方形,底乘高算出平行四边形面积,为什么就对了呢?至此错误得以澄清,正确算法得以掌握,割补转化意识已形成。下面把平行四边形割补转化成长方形已顺理成章了。

3、动手实践,推导面积公式。 由于前面推理过程,这一环节我完全放手于学生。学生四人一组分工合作,动手剪一剪、拼一拼、把平行四边形转化成长方形,来推导平行四边形的面积计算,为了突破第二个难点我设计了这样的三个思考引导:(1)、拼出的长方形和原来的平行四边形比,面积变大了吗?(2)、拼成的长方形的长和宽与平行四边形的底和高有什么关系?(3)、根据长方形的面积计算公式推导出平行四边形面积计算公式。 接着学生汇报,形成板书,最后介绍字母公式。在这一环节中,学生通过动手操作,体验了图形的平移,转化的数学思想方法,促使空间观念进一步发展。同时也培养了学生语言组织能力和概括能力。

4、凑数方格,直观验证结论。我尊重教材编写意图:让学生经历数方格的方法体验凑数的过程。在得到平行四边形面积计算公式之后,我让学生用数方格的方法验证平行四边形的面积。通过方格直观验证,平行四边形面积是底×高。

实践是认识的源泉,也是认识的目的和归宿。为了能让学生熟练掌握、灵活运用新知,练习设计由基本练习、判断选择、变式练习、拓展练习、动手实践组成。

1、基本练习,计算不同形状平行四边形的面积。 (通过练习,巩固新知识,加深对新知识的理解.)

2、判断选择提升练习,巩固平行四边形面积公式。

3、变式练习 ,出示一块近似平行四边形的菜地,让学生求出它的面积,学生首先必须把它想象成平行四边形,然后提出要量出它的底和高,这时我就提供给他们两组数据(底和高不对应)以引起学生的争议,让他们发表自己不同的见解,最后形成共识:要求平行四边形的面积必须要有相对应的底和高相乘。

4、拓展练习, 设计同底等高的多个平行四边形让学生判断它们的面积是否相等。通过猜测、讨论、交流、验证得出同底等高的平行四边形不管它的形状是什么样的,它们的面积总是相等的。

5、动手实践,让学生测量自带的平行四边形并求出其面积。一方面培养学生解决实际问题的能力和创新思维,另一方面加深学生对平行四边形计算公式的理解, 同时数学知识也和学生的生活实际结合起来,使学生明白,我们所学的数学是身边的数学,是有趣、有用的数学,从而激发学生的学习兴趣。

整个习题设计,虽然题量不大,但涵盖了本节课所有知识点,题目呈现方式的多样,吸引了学生的注意力,使学生面对挑战充满信心,激发了学生兴趣、引发了学生思考、发展了学生思维。同时练习题排列遵循由易到难的原则,层层深入,也有效的培养了学生创新意识和解决问题的能力。

学生只有学会不断的反思,才能够不断的进步,在课末我组织学生畅谈在这节课中学到了什么?对本节课的'学习有什么体会?本节课的问题解决主要采用了什么方法?还有别的方法吗?本节课的学习对你的生活有什么影响?……最后我还引导学生运用转化的方法回去后尝试着去探究三角形或梯形面积计算公式的推导。

总之,本节课立足 “基本”,注重“过程”,努力为学生创设民主、和谐、宽松、愉悦的学习氛围,使教学过程成为一个不断创设问题情境,和探索解决问题的过程,努力为学生提供充分的活动条件和活动空间,使学生的数学学习成为一个不断感受、体验、探索、交流和应用数学的过程。始终把学生看作学习的主人,达到培养和提高学生数学素养的目的。

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇二

������æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµ¥ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¡±ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð¡ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä£ï¿½ï¿½â²¿ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ð´ê±×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ·½·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½å£¬îªï¿½æµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î²¹êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·í¼ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½

������ëµñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¼°ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¸»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶¼ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½

����îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½,í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½,��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½öª---�󵨲���---�����ð¶ï¿½---����êµï¿½ï¿½---ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½,���ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û½ì¾ß½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½î³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, �ó¶ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶,������ᵽöªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½,����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����

������â¬ä·ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªç°ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ù·ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ê®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½á¡£îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½öªê¶ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó³ï¿½ê¾æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ó£¬²ï¿½ï¿½é´ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î¡ï¿½

����

��������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì¸ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,ò²ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£ ������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ç°ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª,�����è½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½

����1���󵨲��룬õ¹ê¾ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ûµã¡£ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºõ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªõ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½

����2�������ð¶ï£ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½êµë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½30+20����2�ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ó²¿·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ü³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´30��20ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµ×±ß³ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îª30��20����æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½û²ì·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½30��20�����éµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×·ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ò»ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½30��12ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµ×³ë¸ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°ï¿½ï¿½ò±ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½×³ë¸ß¶ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½õ²å°ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½×³ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç±ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½×³ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½î²¹×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¸î²¹×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

����3������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ò»æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬îªï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½æµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(1)��æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î±è£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(2)��æ´ï¿½éµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä³ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµäµ×ºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½(3)�����ý³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ ����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é°ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½æ½ï¿½æ£ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4����������ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø½ì²ä±ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½úµãµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµ×¡ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����

����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ô´èªï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½äºí¹ï¿½ï¿½þ¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ñ¡¢±ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

����1��������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²»í¬ï¿½ï¿½×´æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ (í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°,������öªê¶,�������öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½.)

����2���ð¶ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½

����3����ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï° ����ê¾ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµä²ëµø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµ×ºí¸ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½×ºí¸ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¹ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½äµ×ºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡ï¿½

����4����õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ ���í¬ï¿½×µè¸ßµä¶ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ã³ï¿½í¬ï¿½×µè¸ßµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµä¡ï¿½

����5������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬,��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½, í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ò²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§,����è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§,�ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½

��������ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×µï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ô­ï¿½ò£¬²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ò²ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½á²»ï¿½ïµä·ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ä©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½'ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½á£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ó°ï¿½ì£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ����������ע�ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¹©ï¿½ï¿½öµä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»î¶¯ï¿½õ¼ä£¬ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ê¼ï¿½õ°ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇三

这部分内容是在学生已经掌握两位数减两位数以及和在1000以内的三位数加三位数的计算方法的基础上进行教学的。通过本单元的学习,一方面使学生基本掌握整数减法的计算方法,能正确进行相关的口算、笔算和估算,从而为进一步学习小数、分数的减法打好基础;另一方面也进一步提高学生应用减法解决实际问题的能力,加深对减法运算意义的理解,积累探索计算方法的经验,体验数学探索的乐趣。

例题首先呈现的是两个学生在图书室借书的场景,并由此引出问题:原有335本,借出123本,还剩多少本?考虑到学生已有两位数减法的竖式计算基础,以及前面所学的三位数加法的竖式计算知识,而且基本程序和方法是相似的,学生很容易进行知识迁移,所以教材先引导学生审题,在弄清楚数量关系后让学生列出减法算式,再尝试计算出得数,然后引导学生说说计算方法和过程,并通过交流,掌握算法。接着教材呈现了2种计算方法,在进一步强调竖式计算的笔算减法过程后,再用实物计数器,使学生直观地明确算理,进一步理解笔算过程,形成笔算减法的抽象思维。在学生初步掌握不退位减法的笔算方法后,引导学生提出验算,并说说验算的方法和算理。然后再启发学生思考剩下的本书、借出的本书与原来的本书这三者间的关系,引导学生可以用差加减数的方法进行验算,并使学生初步认识加法与减法各部分之间的关系。随后想想做做进一步帮助学生在计算过程中巩固已有认识,使学生感受到笔算减法在生活中的应用价值,也培养学生运用所学知识解决简单实际问题的能力。

教学目标:

(1)知识技能方面:使学生经历探索三位数减三位数(不退位)的笔算过程,能用竖式计算被减数是1000以内的不退位减法,会用差加减数的方法验算减法。

(2)数学思考与解决问题方面:使学生在应用减法解决简单的实际问题的过程中,进一步体验数学与生活的联系,增强应用数学的意识。

(3)思想情感方面:使学生在与他人交流算法的过程中,获得成功的体验,培养学生合作、交流的意识,提高学习数学的兴趣和信心。

教学重点:

是让学生经历探索三位数减三位数(不退位)计算方法的过程,学会差加减数的验算方法,会用竖式笔算被减数在1000以内的减法,

教学难点:

是让学生理解并掌握减法的基本原理和方法。

(为了能更好的实现教学目标,有效的突破重难点,让学生在获得知识的同时,能力得到提高,兴趣得到培养,我准备通过以下三个环节来引导学生开展本课的探究)

主要教学活动设计:第一个环节:情境导入,复习旧知。教师借助媒体出示学校图书室借书情境图,结合情境图出示两位数减两位数、整百数减整百数的10道口算题,让学生直接口答得数,并说说是怎么想的。(这里让学生在情境中复习,既培养学生的口算能力,同时也激发学生学习的兴趣,温习了减法的算理。)

第二个环节:自主探究、领悟算法。主要分三个活动来展开教学:

第一个活动:发现问题,提出问题。多媒体出示例题情境,让学生说说图意,引导学生审题,弄清已知条件和问题,然后启发学生列出算式。(这里在激发学生求知欲望的同时,也培养了学生观察、思考的能力,提高了学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,也激发学生的自主学习热情,发挥学生的主观能动性。)

第二个活动:合作探索,领悟算法:通过学生交流后板书算式:335-123,接着引导学生小组合作,运用计数器和竖式计算,得出结果。然后让学生交流计算方法和算理。接着教师借助实物、媒体相结合,通过学生讲解来演示计数器计算和竖式计算过程,引导学生进行观察、比较,使学生借助直观进一步明确算理,从而将直观的操作过程抽象成相应的竖式计算步骤,并借此强调竖式计算时数位要对齐,从个位减起,也让学生明确竖式计算的方便和快捷。(这里,通过先让学生动手操作、小组讨论、全班交流,再通过媒体演示、自主观察和思考分析,使学生进一步明确减法的算理,让学生充分在多种方法探讨中理解算理,领悟算法。有利于培养学生观察思考、分析判断的能力和习惯,体会数学与生活的紧密联系。)

第三个活动:深化认识,学会验算:通过提问:这个答案对不对呢?可以怎样验算?让学生讨论交流验算方法,启发学生从减法各部分的关系和数量关系上进行验算,由此再进一步启发:剩下的本书和借出的本书合起来,应该等于什么?那么算是中的差加减数应该等于什么?从而引出用加法验算减法,然后让学生自主验算,再组织学生小组讨论、全班交流算理和算法,进一步巩固验算方法。(这一过程通过让学生自主寻求验算方法,明确验算的算理和方法,初步认识减法与加法各部分之间的关系,经历用加法验算减法的过程,使学生获得探索的体验、实践的机会、合作的愉悦和发现的能力,体会加法验算减法的算理和方法,养成自觉验算的习惯。)

第三个环节:巩固运用,形成技能。在练习的设计中,想想做做第一题让学生计算给出的竖式,进一步熟悉用竖式计算减法的基本步骤,帮助学生在计算过程中巩固已有认识;第二题通过根据横式列出竖式,再进行计算和验算,让学生经历完整的笔算减法的过程,进一步熟悉减法的竖式计算和验算方法;第三题通过引导学生正确审题,弄清题意和数量关系后,使学生用减法解决一些简单实际问题,初步体会减法在生活中的应用;第四题让学生尝试审题,帮助学生理解题中的数量关系,再让学生列式计算、交流算法,然后启发学生再提出一些新的数学问题并加以解决。这样有利于培养学生的问题意识,进一步提高选择和组合信息的能力。

在本节课的教学活动中,主要结合具体情境,促进学生自主学习;借助学具操作,自主探索,领悟算法;注重应用、拓展,形成计算技能。

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇四

����

�����ⲿ����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1000���úµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½

�����������è³ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºô­ï¿½ï¿½335�������123������ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ç¨ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½åªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù³ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ì²ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2�ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½î³é±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½âµä±ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º

������1��öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1000���úµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������2����ñ§ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â·½ï¿½æ£ºê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½

������3��ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½æ£ºê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½øµã£º

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1000���úµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£º

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½êµï¿½ö½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ñ§ð£í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½10�������⣬��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó¿ú´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµí¼ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬åªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½335-123����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¡¢ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹û²ì¡¢ï¿½è½ï£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½û½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½î»òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ó¸ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¿ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������������ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð°¸¶ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¿ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½âµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä²ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¡ï¿½è«ï¿½à½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡¢êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½á¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºí·ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������������ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½î³é¼ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýºï¿½ê½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬åªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã·¨ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¼¼ï¿½ü¡ï¿½

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇五

各位评委,老师及学生们大家:

上午好!

今天我要讲解的是四年级上册第四单元第一小节平行的认识及其画法,对于本节的学习主要是建立在以前对直线的初步认识上而进一步展开的,主要学习同一平面内两条直线的位置关系。

本节课的重点是能够认识一些简单的平行线,难点是画平行线,之所以说画平行线是一个难点是因为我们的学生在动手能力方面比较欠缺,在利用学具画平行线的过程中会出现学具使用错误或手头上的误差,对于这一难点我将利用的直观性来突破它,从而让学生更好的来掌握画平行线的方法。

以下就是本节课的教学流程:本节课主要分为两大部分,一个是平行的认识,一个是平行线的画法。在讲解平行的认识有分为四个步骤,第一,导入,复习直线的特点及其与线段的关系,为下面平行的认识作铺垫;第二,结合生活中的一些器材及其图像让学生从生活中找出同一平面内两直线的两种位置关系,第三,在此基础上归纳出平行的定义,并对其加深和巩固,第四,让学生自己从生活中找出一些平行线,从而在对平行线的认识上得到一个反馈。

第二部分在画平行线上总结出四字画法:画、靠、移、画。此环节看起来简单,但学生在实际操作中比较困难,这也正是本节课的难点所在。

最后,针对平行及其画法让学生当堂训练,从而巩固本节内容。

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇六

����

����1���ì²ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½à£¬í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½æ½ï¿½ð¿é·ï¿½îªæ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ì²ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ç¶ï¿½a���b������ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬½ì²ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£

����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½63����������ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±è½ïºã£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ïµï¿½ð»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ê±ï¿½ä£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµè¶ï¿½ï¿½îµä¸ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶èµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£º

����1��öªê¶ï¿½ë¼¼ï¿½ü£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î±ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½à£»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2�������뷽����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

����3�����ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²¿·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î±ßµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïºãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£º

�����ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ì²äµï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½á°´ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î±ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý±ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½ö»ï¿½ç»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ç°×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¸ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼æ¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

����

�������ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½

����1�����ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³é³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½

����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½

����3���â¿î³ì¸ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½

�����������������ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä½ì¸ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������1������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½û²ì¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢ï¿½è½ï¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½

������2����ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½

����

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ê±í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºí¸ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½

����

����î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ð·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä·ï¿½ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³í¼ï¿½ï¿½

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ ���ü°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ôµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ö·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½à£©í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµä¶ï¿½ï¿½å£¬îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµä·ï¿½ï¿½à¡£

����������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öª

������1����ò»ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ç°×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½-�è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ù½ï¿½ï¿½ð±è½ï¡ï¿½

������2��ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ú°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ù¸ï¿½ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½

������3����ò»ï¿½é¡£îªê²ã´òªï¿½ñ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î·öµï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½

������4���ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú·å£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½à·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ñ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»¯£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

��������������ó¦ï¿½ã¡ï¿½

����îªï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½à¡¢ð¡ð¡ä§ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë­ï¿½ï¿½æ´í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½æ´ò»æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ã²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ïµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡£

�����ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ð¡ä§ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ù£ï¿½ò»î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½üºãµä¼ï¿½ô¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½

�������ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½

������1����ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½

������2��������í¨ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ô½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½

����

�����ä±ï¿½ï¿½î·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ö»ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½

��������ô±ß·ö±ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½

�����ã¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇七

��î»ï¿½ï¿½î¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ò£ï¿½

��������ã£ï¿½

����������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ò»ð¡ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ßµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªñ§ï°í¬ò»æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ßµï¿½î»ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

�������ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ò»ð©ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ç·è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ß»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������â¾ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó²¿·ö£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ð·ï¿½îªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï°ö±ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½øµã¼°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶îµä¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£»ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½í¬ò»æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ë»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¹ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½æ½ï¿½ðµä¶ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ò»ð©æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ïµãµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½

����������æ½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇八

1、教材分析

本节课是北师大版四年级下册第二部分的内容,是建立在学生已认识四边形的知识基础上进行的。本课的内容是对四边形进行分类,通过分类让学生了解梯形的特征,并进一步认识平行四边形。通过本节课的学习,使学生掌握四边形按两组对边是否平行可分为平行四边形、梯形和其它四边形。教材给出的三组图形是根据两组对边是否平行来进行分类的,教材主要是对a组和b组进行研究。教学分类方法后,教材还适时安排了一些练习,旨在培养学生分析比较、抽象概括的能力,提高学生解决实际问题的能力,并渗透集合的数学思想,发展空间观念。

2、学情分析

本班有学生63名,有三分之一都是农民工子弟,这个班整体素质比较好,学生喜欢学习数学,对于几何初步知识,无论是线、面、体的特征还是图形特征、性质,对于四年级小学生来讲,都比较抽象,也较难掌握。因此,在课堂上我为学生创设一系列活动,让学生在做中学,学中做,做中悟,悟中创。根据学生的年龄特点,给予学生充分的时间,学生通过动手、动脑、动口等多层次的感知,多角度的思考,把四边形进行分类,概括出平行四边形和梯形的特征。

教学目标:

1、知识与技能:通过观察、操作、比较,发现四边形边的特征,会给四边形分类;理解并掌握平行四边形、梯形的种类特征。

2、过程与方法:通过观察、操作、比较,培养学生观察能力、操作能力和形象灵活的思维能力。能解决一些简单的实际问题。

3、情感态度与价值观:激发学生的主动参与意识、自我探索意识和创新精神。

本节课中,我主要通过让学生小组合作的形式进行学习,大部分学生掌握了平行四边形和梯形的特征,并能按照四边形边的特点给四边形分类,从而培养了学生的动手操作能力和形象灵活的思维能力,较好的完成了本节课的教学目标。

教学重难点:

在教学的过程中,根据教材的要求和学生实际情况,我认为重点是让学生在做中,学会按边的特征给四边形分类。难点是区别掌握各类四边形的特征。

本节课中,通过让学生动手操作分一分,发现每个四边形边的特征,进而根据边的特征为四边形分类。在学生展示的过程中,几个学生大概能说出他们的分类依据,只是还不够完整。虽然突出了教学重点,突破了难点,但是学生的语言概括能力还有待提高。

教师课前准备:各种各样的四边形图片、三角形、平行四边形、长方形、剪刀、课件等。

学生课前准备:自制各种各样的四边形图片、三角形、平行四边形、长方形、剪刀、胶棒、直尺。

本节课设计理念为:

1、课堂教学首先是情感成长的过程,然后才是知识成长的过程。

2、学生的学习过程是一个主动建构、动态生成的过程,教师要激活学生的原有经验,激发学生学习热情,让学生在经历、体验和运用中真正感悟新知。

3、新课程改革中,要让学生成为学生的真正主人,教师要起到引导、指导的作用。

基于以上理念,教学中,我遵循引导探究学习,促进主动发展的教改思路,采用如下教学方法:

(1)引导学生采取观察、分类、比较、操作等方式进行探究性学习活动。

(2)组织学生开展有意识的小组合作交流学习。

学生在学习时通过实际操作,动手实验,自主探索,合作探究的方法,经历知识的发生、发展和形成过程,进而在交流中体验图形的特征,使他们的学习活动成为一个生动、活泼和富有个性的过程。

围绕以上总体思路,我设计了复习导课探索新知巩固应用课堂总结四个环节进行教学。让学生在自主学习中发展。具体教学过程如下:

(一)复习导课。

通过三角形的分类,引入各种四边形,大屏幕显示主题情境图。

师: 你能把这些四边形分一分类吗?这节课咱们根据四边形各自的特点给它们分分类。(揭示课题,板书课题:四边形分类)通过复习三角形的分类和学习四边形的定义,为本节课铺垫了基础。让学生在三角形分类的基础上,进而来研究四边形的分类。

(二)探究新知

(1)分一分。观察课前准备好的四边形。观察-比较是现代科学探索中常用方法。让学生观察四边形的边有什么特点,再进行比较。

(2)说一说。学生到前面黑板上演示分法,并说出每一组四边形的特点,再给每一组四边形起一个名字。

(3)议一议。为什么要把长方形和正方形分到平行四边形里面呢?

(4)用集合图来表示四边形、平行四边形、梯形、长方形和正方形之间的关系。

在独立思考的基础上,组织学生进行合作交流。并分类摆放,再说一说你他们小组分类的依据是什么,这样,学生充分展示自己正确或错误的分类方法。师生共同概括分类的方法,同时利用集合图把抽象的数学知识形象化,便于学生理解和掌握,突出了本节课的重点,突破了教学难点。但是学生在概括平行四边形和梯形的定义时,语言还不够准确、简练。所以学生的语言概括能力还有待提高。

(三)巩固应用。

为了巩固所学知识,发展学生思维,我设计了火眼金晴(分类、小小魔术师(剪一剪)、谁是拼图高手(拼一拼)三个练习题组,让不同层次的学生都有所收获,体现不同的人在数学上得到不同的发展。人人都获得成功的体验。

在进行小小魔术师(剪一剪)中,由于时间的关系,这一块让学生说的太少,一味的让学生去剪,有部分学生并不知道为何要这样剪?所以在以后的教学中,我要不断提高自己组织教学的能力,能够很好的驾驭课堂。

(四)课堂总结

(1)这节课你学到了什么?

(2)我们是通过什么方法来把四边形分类的?

通过学生自主总结梳理知识,充分发挥学生学习的主体作用。特别对学习方法的总结有利于学生可持续发展,是发展性教学目标在课时的体现。

四边形分类

只有一组对边平行的四边形叫做梯形。

两组对边分别平行的四边形叫做平行四边形。

用集合图展示几个图形的关系。

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇九

����

�����������îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ì°ï¿½ì²ä£ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµ¥ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã²¢ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµ¥ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ä½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������â¿î±ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ó¼°½ì²äµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¿ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµä¸î²¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»»ï¿½è»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ë¡£

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£¬¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

�������ý½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£»

������ת����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ת����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ö¶î£ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ä¡£îªï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½11��ð¡ï¿½é£¬ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë»ï¿½4�ë£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¹«ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

����

����îªï¿½ë¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½

����

�������ï½ú¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ú´ï¿½ö®ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£í¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµè¥ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½òªñ§ï°ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡ï¿½

����

������1�����ï½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í°ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½õµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ç°×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºí¶û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

����1��������í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½î£ï¿½

����2æ´ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

������2����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½õµä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ²ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½õ³é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ç°ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ó²¿·ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµã³ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ ������è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ò³¤·ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµäµ×µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµäµ×£ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½îµä¸ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä¸ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ´ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ³ï¿½

�������������=æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½2

������æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½=�ס��ߡ����������=�ס��ߡ�2

����s=ah��s=ah��2

������3�����ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµ×ºí¸ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¶ô¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½

����

����1����ê¾p92��ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼´ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½

����

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½

����

�����î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê®2��5�⣬�îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ç¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý¹ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������������=�ס��ߡ�2

����s=ah��2

������������ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ö¶î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¶ô±ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ñ§ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ð»

二年级数学说课稿 四年级下册数学说课稿篇十

《三角形的面积》是选自人教版教材,小学数学五年级上册第五单元多边形面积的第二课时的内容。它是在学生已经掌握平行四边形面积计算并认识三角形特征的基础上进行教学的。这节课在整个第五单元中起着承上启下的作用,它既是对三角形认识的进一步加深,又是以后学习梯形面积公式推导的基础。

根据新课标的要求及教材的特点,充分考虑到五年级学生的思维水平,我确立如下三维教学目标。

通过学生自主探索、动手操作推导出三角形面积计算公式,能正确求三角形的面积。

通过图形的割补、剪拼、变换等活动,培养学生的动手操作能力,空间想象能力和渗透转化的思想。

通过学习活动,激发学生学习兴趣,培养探索精神,感受数学与生活的密切联系。

根据教学目标,我确定了本节课的重点和难点;

用转化法探索三角形面积公式,正确计算三角形的面积。

用转化法探索三角形面积公式。

教学方法是教师授课的手段,在教学过程中,不仅要使学生知其然,还要使学生知其所以然,让学生从学会到会学的转变。为此,在本节课中,我将全班学生分成11个小组,每组六人或4人,通过学生的动手操作,小组合作交流,使学生用转化的思想来推导探索三角形面积的计算公式并解决实际问题。

为了更好地完成本节课的教学任务,突出重点,突破难点,我设计了以下几个教学环节:

在上节课,我们学习了平行四边形的面积求解,在此之前,我们还学过长方形和正方形面积的求解。同学们,现在我说去一个图形,看你们能不能算出它的面积,从而激发学生的好奇心以及求知欲。我将拿出一条红领巾,提问:你们能算它的面积吗?(学生思考了下,可能说不会)这是我将板书三角形的面积,并说这就是我们这节课要学习的,我们一起来探究下。

(1)在上节课中我们已经学过平行四边形面积的推导,它是把平行四边形转化成长方形,现在我们如何把三角转化成我们学过的图形面积求解呢?我将准备的平行四边形模型按对角线剪开,得出两个相同的三角形。同时引导学生用拼凑的方法来推导,此时,我将要求各小组至少在课前准备相同的锐角三角形、直角三角形和钝角三角形各两个,并提出明确的操作和探究的要求:

1用两个相同的三角形怎样拼凑成我们学过求面积的图形?

2拼出图形的面积你会计算吗?

3拼出的图形与原来的三角形有什么联系?

(2)在学生拼凑的过程中,我进行巡视,并适时的指导。通过小组合作交流,学生可能拼凑成长方形和平行四边形;由于我在之前暗示了学生平行四边形,所以大部分学生拼成平行四边形。之后再让小组学生通过用的三种三角形拼凑的情况分别进行汇报,并根据拼出的图形叙述出推导过程,在几组实验基础上得出了结论: 两个完全相同的三角形都可以拼成平行四边形(或长方形),这个平行四边形的底等于三角形的底,平行四边形的高等于三角形的高,由于每个三角形的面积是拼成平行四边形面积的一半,所以推出

三角形面积=平行四边形÷2

由平行四边形面积=底×高→三角形面积=底×高÷2

s=ah→s=ah÷2

(3)解决前面留下的问题:红领巾的面积有多大?让学生自己通过测量得出红领巾的底和高,再运用公式进行计算。这样即可以让学生自己动手操作,又能对公式加深印象。

1、出示p92做一做,这题即让学生直接运用公式,对三角形面积公式加深印象。

让学生说说本节课学到的知识,三角形面积公式是怎样推导的,还有什么疑问?

课本练习二十2、5题,课后作业是对上课学的内容巩固,加深印象。

三角形面积=底×高÷2

s=ah÷2

板书设计是课堂教学的重要手段,板书突出教学的重、难点,为学生掌握知识打下基础。

以上只是我的对本节课的设想,由于课堂是动态的,现实的课堂与预设之间会产生一些差异,在实际教学中我将根据教学主线结合学生动态随时调整,力求达到更好的教学效果。最后,请各位老师批评指正,我的说课到此结束,谢谢

全文阅读已结束,如果需要下载本文请点击

下载此文档
a.付费复制
付费获得该文章复制权限
特价:5.99元 10元
微信扫码支付
已付款请点这里
b.包月复制
付费后30天内不限量复制
特价:9.99元 10元
微信扫码支付
已付款请点这里 联系客服