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初三化学说课稿篇一
知识与技能:
1.认识氧气的主要物理性质;
2.观察和描述木炭、硫、铁丝等在空气中燃烧的现象,从中归纳出氧气的化学性质;
3.了解氧气与人类关系密切;
过程与方法:
1.观察与描述物质与氧气反应的现象,学会从中归纳出物质的化学性质的方法;
情感态度与价值观:
1.了解氧气在自然界中的循环及重要意义,增强环保意识
2.养成细致的观察习惯和严谨的工作作风
:氧气的性质与用途
:掌握各种物质在氧气中燃烧的现象
:1课时
教学过程
一、氧气的性质
1.物理性质:
(1)色、味、态:通常情况下,是无色无味的气体;降温后,氧气可以变为淡蓝色的液体,甚至淡蓝色雪花状固体。
(2)密度:标准状况下,密度为1.429g/l,略大于空气;
(3)溶解性:氧气不易溶于水
问题:有什么事实可以证明自然界的水中溶有氧气?
答:水中的生物就是依靠溶解在水中的氧气生存的。
2.化学性质:
实验探究:带火星的木条复燃
(1)木炭在氧气中燃烧(黑色固体)
实验现象:剧烈燃烧,发出白光,放热,生成一种无色无味气体,该气体能使澄清石灰水变浑浊。
文字表达式:
碳(c)+氧气(o2)点燃——→二氧化碳(co2)
在空气中的燃烧情况:木炭红热,无烟、无焰,生成无色无味的气体
(2)铁丝在氧气中燃烧(银白色固体)——介绍铝箔在氧气中可以燃烧
实验现象:剧烈燃烧,火星四射,铁丝熔成小球,生成一种黑色固体。
文字表达式:
铁(fe)+氧气(o2)点燃——→四氧化三铁(fe3o4)
注意事项:集气瓶底部铺少量的细沙或加少量的水,防止生成的固体物质溅落瓶底,致使集气瓶炸裂。
在空气中加热情况:持续加热发红,离火后变冷。
(3)红磷在氧气中的燃烧(暗红色固体)
实验现象:剧烈燃烧,发出白光,放出热量,生成大量的白烟
文字表达式:
磷(p)+氧气(o2)点燃——→五氧化二磷(p2o5)
空气中燃烧情况:黄白色火焰,放热,有大量白烟
(4)镁带在氧气中燃烧(银白色固体)
实验现象:剧烈燃烧,发出耀眼的白光,放热,生成白色粉末状固体。
文字表达式:镁(mg)+氧气(o2)点燃——→氧化镁(mgo)
3、氧化反应和缓慢氧化
(1)氧化反应物质与氧发生的反应
(2)缓慢氧化某些物质在一些条件下,与氧气发生缓慢的氧化反应,成为缓慢氧化。如:动植物新陈代谢,金属的锈蚀,食物的腐烂等等
4、化合反应
二、氧气的用途
1.供给呼吸:医疗上急救病人,登山、潜水、航空、宇航提供呼吸;
2.支持燃烧:炼钢、气焊与气接、液氧炸弹、火箭助燃剂
介绍:
(1)一般情况下,我们呼吸使用空气就可以了。正常的人呼吸用纯氧气对人体有害,吸入纯氧气会损害肺的上皮层。吸入100%的氧气,只需几天就会发生肺氧气中毒。一般医院中的氧气只是大于40%;
(2)用氦气代替氮气与氧气混合,可得到“人造空气”。人造空气用于代替空气供深海潜水员呼吸。因为用空气供潜水员呼吸时,在压强较大的深海里,会有较多的氮气溶解在潜水员的血液里,当潜水员从深海上升,血液里的氮气将成为气泡释放出来,大量气泡会阻塞微血管,引起病变。
反思:本课题是全书的重点,学生理解容易但不能灵活运用,我认为应在课后通过反复练习进行巩固!
【练习】
1、判断下列变化是物理变化还是化学变化?
①灯泡发光②石蜡熔化③石蜡燃烧④光合作用⑤动植物的呼吸
2、归纳氧气的物理性质:
①氧气在常温下为_______色,_______态,固态、液态为_________色。
②氧气的密度比空气_____。
③氧气__________溶于水(填“易”或“不易”)。
3、下列四个反应中,属于化合反应的是(),属于氧化反应的是()。
a、水→氢气+氧气b、氢气+氧气→水
c、酒精+氧气→水+二氧化碳d、木炭+氧气→二氧化碳
初三化学说课稿篇二
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初三化学说课稿篇三
本节内容属于鲁教版九年级下册第十单元第二节的内容,本课题包括人体的元素组成和一些元素对人体健康的影响两部分内容,较详细地叙述了组成无机盐的一些元素对人体健康的影响,同时还叙述了元素在人体内的平衡等有关内容。通过本课的学习,从学科素养方面可以帮助学生进一步完善物质组成的元素观,使学生进一步明确大自然中的一切物质都是由元素组成的,人体也不例外。同时使学生认识到人体新陈代谢和生长、衰老都是一系列复杂的化学变化过程,人体通过这种变化过程与外界环境进行物质交换和能量交换。
(过渡:教师不仅要对教材进行分析,还要对学生的情况有清晰明了的掌握,这样才能做到因材施教,有的放矢,接下来我将对学情进行分析。)
通过之前的学习,学生已经初步了解人体内常见的营养物质。九年级学生好奇心强,求知欲旺盛,乐于探究感兴趣的问题。就能力水平来看,学生初步具备了收集、分析、提取有用信息的能力以及与人合作交流的能力,但有待于进一步发展。在进行本课教学时,应该充分调动学生在学习过程中的自主意识,创设问题情境,凸显学生的主体作用。
(过渡:根据新课程标准,教材特点和学生实际,我确定了如下教学目标:)
1、了解人体的元素组成;了解某些元素对人体健康的重要作用;了解人是如何摄入对人体健康有重要作用的元素。
2、通过交流、讨论,培养学生的分析、归纳、
总结能力、交流表达能力和从众多知识中提取有效知识的能力。
3、进一步认识到化学与生活有着密切的联系,激发学习化学的兴趣。(过渡:根据新课标要求与教学目标,我确定了如下的重难点:)
【重点
】
人体的主要元素组成、分类及作用,一些元素对人体健康的影响。【难点
】
元素在人体内的平衡。(过渡:为了解决重点,突破重点,我确定了如下的教学方法:)
讲授法、读书指导法。
(过渡:我认为,钻研教材,研究教法学法是上好一门课的前提和基础,而合理安排教学程序则是最关键的一环,为了使学生学有所获,我将从以下四方面展开我的教学过程。)
环节一:导入新课
在课程开始我会出示生活中常见的保健品广告的图片并且提出问题:一些产品中常出现补钙、铁、锌、硒、碘等的词语,这里的钙、铁、锌、硒、碘是元素还是单质?从学生的回答中可以得到这些物质都是元素,进而设问人体为什么要补充这些化学元素?它们对人体健康有什么影响?从而引入本节新课。
通过创设和谐、轻松的学习氛围,激发学生的想象力,确立从生活走向化学的学习思路。
环节二:新课讲授
首先我会引导学生回忆之前学习过的知识并且提出问题:人体由哪些元素构成?学生思考后可以答出“人体内大部分为水,所以说含有h、o两种元素,由糖类的组成可知人体还含有c元素,由蛋白质的组成可知人体还含有n元素。”
在学生回答的基础上,引导全班同学自主阅读教材,在阅读教材的时候提出问题“组成人体的元素约有多少种?它们是以什么形式存在的?”通过这种形式可以启发学生带着问题自主学习,自主探究。接着我会提出“常量元素和微量元素的区别?它们对人体有什么作用”的问题,让学生了解元素分类的两个概念。
在学生知道了人体内的元素组成及分类之后,继续提问“人体中含量最高的非金属元素是什么?人体中含量最高的金属元素是什么??”学生可以答出“人体含量最高的非元素是氧元素,金属元素是钙元素。”接下来讲解常量元素钙对人体健康的影响,以及如何补充钙元素。在提到可以补钙的食物中,很多同学提到了牛奶,教师顺势提到:在众多补钙的食物中,数牛奶中的钙质最易被吸收了,尤其是处在发育期的大家,更该多喝牛奶,但生活中很多人却没有恰当的利用牛奶来增加营养。我们应该正确地饮用牛奶。接着我会向学生提出几个大家生活中常出现的喝牛奶的误区。生活常识的灌输更加拉近了化学与生活的联系,生活常识的灌输更加拉近了化学与生活的联系。通过这一部分的学习,可以了解人体常见的元素。
先让学生自主阅读教材关于必须元素对人体作用的部分,展示两幅病人图片,并示意之前准备好表演的同学开始自己的情景表演,请全班学生进行医生的角色模拟,利用课前资料的搜集及
整理,为图片上的患者以及班内的小演员进行诊治。经过各位小医生的确诊和处方,加上教师的补充,大家发现可以从食物中进行食疗。然后提出问题:人的粗脖子病是怎么引起的?如何补充碘?学生讨论后得出答案,培养学生的合作意识。
最后我会组织学生展开讨论谈谈对于补充保健品的看法,让学生通过收集有关保健品的资料和交流活动,了解人类应该如何摄取这些物质,避免食用保健品的盲目性。将学科知识与学生的日常生活联系起来,提升学生学习的兴趣。环节三:巩固提高
在这一环节中,我会提出问题“如果你负责制订下个星期全家人的食品采购计划,你打算购买哪些食品?你准备如何安排一家人的膳食?”,让学生在具体的情境中体会均衡膳食的重要性,从而理解元素在人体内的平衡,突破本课的难点。
环节四:
小结作业
请学生回答本堂课的收获有哪些,可以回答学到了哪些知识,也可以回答学习的感受。布置作业:撰写调查报告:近几年本地区缺碘或高碘甲状腺分布现状及对策。
初三化学说课稿篇四
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初三化学说课稿篇五
1、地位与作用:
本节选自高中化学人教版选修4《化学反应原理》的第二章第二节,是化学反应原理的重要组成部分,与生产生活密切相关。就全章内容来看,既是第一节化学反应速率的理论延伸,也是第三节化学平衡的研究基础,起着承上启下的重要作用。
2、教材处理:
○1为了加强学生自主探究,一改教材边实验边理论的方式,采用先理论猜想后实验验证的科学发现的次序,使实验的开放性更强,方案均由学生设计。
○2为了使现象对比更明显,增加caco3和不同浓度盐酸反应的实验。
1、已有的知识:
○1必修2中,学生对影响化学反应速率的因素存在一定的感性认识;
○2在本册绪言中学习了碰撞理论相关知识。
2、已具备的能力:
○1学生初步具备简单化学实验方案的设计能力,能够合作完成实验探究;
○2具备一定的观察、分析、质疑和表达能力。
3、可能遇到困难:
○1抽象思维还不成熟,困惑于宏观现象的微观解释,尤其是压强对速率的影响;
○2对实验方案的.选择和评价,缺乏多角度的综合分析能力。
1、知识与技能:
○1能初步运用碰撞理论解释浓度、压强、温度和催化剂等条件对化学反应速率的影响;
○2自主设计实验方案,探究外界因素对化学反应速率的影响。
2、过程与方法:
○1通过“联系旧知-提出问题-理论猜想-实验验证-现实应用”的科学发现方法来学习化学反应速率;
○2通过设计方案-动手实验-交流讨论-自评互评,掌握对比法、控制变量法、定性实验方案选择原则等科学方法。
3、情感态度与价值观:
○1让学生在操作、观察、讨论、联系的过程中感受成功的喜悦,体会化学对生产生活的重要性;
○2培养学生的团队协作精神及创新、求实的科学态度,激发学生的研究兴趣。
4、教学重点和难点:
教学重点:实验探究浓度、压强、温度和催化剂等条件对化学反应速率的影响。
教学难点:实验方案的选择与评价;压强及催化剂对化学速率的影响。
教学方法:任务驱动法、直观教具法、视频动画法
学习方法:探究发现法、讨论交流法、对比评价法。
教学环节:
动画导入-讨论猜想-学生拼图-深入讲解-实验探究-自评互评-应用思考
在任务驱使下,经过讨论,学生拼图思维容量很大,能带给学生一次认知飞跃,而实验验证将迎来认知上的又一次飞跃,自评互评则把整堂课推向高潮,现实应用则使学生产生言犹未尽的感觉,把进一步探究留到了课后。整个过程重现了“联系旧知-提出问题-理论猜想-实验验证-现实应用”的科学发现方法。
【导入】通过动画演示,复习活化分子、有效碰撞等旧知识,思考讨论:
化学反应速率与单位体积反应物分子总数、活化分子百分数、单位体积内活化分子数、单位时间单位体积内有效碰撞次数之间的逻辑关系?
【任务一】碰撞理论。
请学生根据讨论结果完成拼图。
进而思考:影响速率的因素有哪些?它们(碰撞几率、内能、反应路径、搅拌、接触面积、浓度、压强、电弧、温度、超声波、放射线、光辐射、强磁场、催化剂)之间的逻辑关系?组织讨论并通过完成拼图展示讨论成果。
教学中预先准备好一些因素(浓度、压强、温度、催化剂)的动画讲解,针对学生出现问题的因素,有选择地进行动画演示。例如上课时,我发现很多学生对催化剂的影响不是太清楚,就播放了动画。又针对压强影响的多样性,我播放了压强的的影响,并借助图例,采用循序渐进的方法启发学生得出压强对速率
影响的关键所在。
【任务二】实验探究
任务:用实验法探究浓度、温度、催化剂等因素如何影响反应速率。
试剂:大理石,1mol/l盐酸,0.01mol/lkmno4,热水,冰水,0.1mol/lh2c2o4,0.2mol/lh2c2o4,0.1mol/l盐酸,0.1mol/lna2s2o3,5%h2o2,0.1mol/lcuso4,0.1mol/lfecl3溶液,mno2粉末
分组实验:组织各小组“明确任务—了解试剂—设计方案—小组分工—进行探究—交流汇报(强调从所控制的变量、方案、依据的现象、结论、微观解释五个方面进行汇报)-自评互评”。如此开放的实验设计,有利于学生发散思维的训练,往往能得到多种设计方案,教师再加以恰当引导,引发认知冲突,为实验方案的选择与评价提供了平台。
例如:探究浓度影响时,有小组提出用硫代硫酸钠和盐酸反应,先后用0.1mol/l的盐酸和1mol/l的盐酸,对比生成沉淀所需的时间。
立即就有学生提出不同看法,认为两组同时操作,更省时间,对比性也更强。
这时我对同时操作予以了肯定,并启发学生思考:两只试管现象差异大吗?对比真的很明显吗?从节约时间和现象对比考虑,还有没有其它更好的方案?
这时有人提出,他们小组选择用大理石和浓度不同的盐酸反应,控制的变量也是盐酸的浓度。
又有小组又提出质疑:变量唯一吗?如何控制两组实验大理石颗粒大小一致?应该选用kmno4和h2c2o4……
有小组反驳:kmno4和h2c2o4反应速率太慢,浪费时间,现象对比也不如大理石和盐酸的明显……
这样,学生在争辩中,掌握了知识的同时,收获了对比法、控制变量法和定性实验方案选择等科学方法。
【练习】设置目的:第一题针对实验结论,第二题针对碰撞理论,第三题节选自今年新课标高考题,检验学生对控制变量法的理解。
【结课】请学生谈本节课的收获体会。
以当地景观本溪水洞结课,有关人士建议限制日游客数量的原因何在?速率的影响因素在生产生活中还有那些重要应用?作为课后作业。
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初三化学说课稿篇六
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初三化学说课稿篇七
“说课”有利于提高教师理论素养和驾驭教材的能力,也有利于提高教师的语言表达能力,因而受到广大教师的重视,登上了教育研究的大雅之堂。下面是小编收集整理的《金属的化学性质》化学说课稿,希望对你有所帮助!
1、教材的地位与作用
《金属的化学性质》是九年级化学第八单元课题2的内容,具体内容是金属与氧气的反应、金属活动性顺序、置换反应的定义及应用,它侧重于金属活动性顺序的探究。使学生在获得知识的同时,能应用知识解释日常生活中的一些现象。本课题的学习还能为后面学习酸、碱、盐打下良好的基础。
2、教学目标
按照《化学课程标准》的要求,以及学生认知能力,年龄、心理特征,我确立以下三维教学目标:
(1)知识与技能
①、知道铁、铝、铜等常见金属与氧气的反应。
②、初步认识常见金属与盐酸、硫酸的置换反应,能解释一些与日常生活有关的问题。
(2)过程与方法
①、通过认识金属的化学性质及活动性顺序,初步学会运用观察、实验等方法获取信息,能用文字、图表和化学语言表达有关信息。
②、初步学会运用比较、分类、归纳、概括等方法对获取的信息进行加工。
(3)情感、态度与价值观
①、培养学生的合作意识以及勤于思考,善于总结归纳的科学精神、培养学生学习化学的兴趣。
②、培养学生勇于创新的科学精神,培养学生的辩证唯物主义观点,使学生保持和增强对化学现象的好奇心和探究欲。
3、教学重难点
我根据新课程标准、教材内容设置以及今后教学的影响来判断教学重、难点,确定本课题的重点是通过实验探究认识金属活动顺序,由于金属活动性顺序比较抽象,需要学生记忆,而且在运用时需要一定的条件,又紧密结合学生对金属的日常认识、思维能力、生活经验以及年龄特征,我确定本节课的难点为运用金属活动性顺序解决生产、生活中的实际问题。
教学方法是教与学的双边活动,必须充分发挥教师的主导作用,学生的主体作用,相互促进、协调发展,根据这一原理,我采用如下教学方法:以实验探索为主线,结合使用启发法、归纳分析法、多媒体辅助教学法。目的在于培养学生的动手、动脑的能力。以实验探索为主线能让学生在做实验的同时,还能边观察、边记录、边分析、边总结。多种教学方法相互穿插,使教学更加生动有趣,优化课堂,课堂效果也会达到最佳。
根据学习目标的要求,学生学习主要采用以下学习方法:实验法、归纳总
结法。化学是是一门以实验为基础的自然学科,做实验是学好化学的最有效途径,学生自己动手做实验,边观察、边记录、边思考,在教师的指导下得出结论,这样使学生的实验能力和观察能力得到了加强,逐步学会分析现象得出结论的方法,结合总结归纳法,指导学生进行综合归纳能力训练,提高学生对所得信息进行加工、处理的能力。
(1)创设情境、温故导新
导语:在现代的考古中,发现从地下出土的文物中,金银器具总是比铁器保存得完好,而且年代比铁器早,你知道为什么吗?
以科学事例创设情景,活跃课堂气氛,提高学生的注意力,激发学生学习的积极性和主动性,让学生认识到科学知识在生活中无处不在,预示着本课题的重点。
(2)活动探究,探索新知
①、金属与氧气的反应
结合课件展示,回顾学过的铁、镁与氧气的反应,让学生书写化学方程式,再结合它们反应的难易程度不同,设置学生讨论,从而得出这两种金属的活动性顺序。
【追问】:如果把金和这两种金属比较,则金排在什么位置呢?为什么?
这样使学生能利用金属与氧气反应的难易和剧烈程度不同来比较金属活动性强弱,提高学生的分析能力,还可以及时的检查和反馈学生的知识掌握和运用情况。
②、金属与酸的反应
【探究一】:在4支试管中分别加入5ml的稀盐酸,再依次加入铜、铁、锌、镁,观察实验的现象,特别强调的是加入的顺序(铜、铁、锌、镁)很重要,这样实验现象就有一个递进的过程,便于学生观察、对比,把握内在联系,是学生能清晰地比较出这四种金属与酸反应的剧烈程度,从而比较出这四种金属的活动性强弱,突出重点,还能拓展学生的思维,提高学生的创造能力。
【设置讨论】:大家想想如果要在实验室制备氢气,你认为选用哪种金属最好?
这样能刺激学生的思维,发挥学生的主观能动性,加强学生对金属活动性顺序的运用,强化知识的理解和运用,突出重点,突破难点。
③、金属与盐溶液的反应
【探究二】:金属与金属化合物溶液的反应
学生分组实验,通过教师的启发,学生书写化学方程式。
【设置讨论】:由实验(1)可知al的活动性比cu强,结合实验(2)、(3)能否比较三种金属的活动性强弱呢?
设计意图:给出一定的线索为饵,激发学生的探索欲,在学习化学性质的同时,也了解到了比较金属活动性的方法,培养学生勤于思考,严谨求实的科学作风,突出了重点,使学生在获得知识的同时获得成就感。
通过上述探究过程,以及科学家通过大量的实验得出了的真实结论,进而给出常见金属的活动性顺序及其用途。
④、置换反应
【课件展示】:金属与酸、金属与盐溶液反应的化学方程式。
设计意图:以课件展示回顾相关化学方程式,突出规律性、直观性,便于学生观察、总结置换反应的定义,自己发现知识,体验学习的乐趣。
(3)交流讨论,归纳小结
【提问】:谈谈这节课的收获,还有何疑问?
这样使学生成为课堂的主体,发挥学生的主观能动性,学生自己小结,活跃了课堂气氛,培养了口头表达能力,说出心中的困惑,拓展了思维。
(4)作业
必做题:p14 4、5
选做题:p14 7
根据学生之间的差异性,设置了必做题和选做题,让不同层次的学生得到不同层次的发展,这点恰好符合《教育学》中提到的“因材施教”的原理。
初三化学说课稿篇八
一、 教材分析。
1. 教材的地位和作用。
在此之前我们学习了 这为本节课的学习起到了铺垫的作用。后面我们还要学 。可见本节课在整个教材体系中也起着承上启下的作用。同时本节课也是由理论转变为实际的桥梁,在解决生活实际问题中也起着非常重要的作用。
2. 教学目标
(1) 知识与技能
(2) 过程与方法
(3) 情感态度与价值观
3. 教学重点、难点与解决方法
(1) 教学重点:
(2) 教学难点:
重点、难点解决方法:
现在是一个网络发过的社会,所以本节课我会利用现代的教学手段多媒体课件和教师演示实验及学生分组实验,来突出重点、突破难点。同时也促进了学生微观思维的发展。
二、 教法与学法
1. 说教法
德国大教育家第斯多惠也说过:“科学知识不应该传授给学生的,而应该引导学生去发现它们,独立地掌握它们。”而化学是一门以实验为基础的学科,它通过教师演示实验或组织学
生亲手实验操作,能把书本知识由抽象变成具体,变无形于有形,使学生易获取多方面知识,巩固学习成果,培养学生的各种能力。探究学习”。根据新教材编写特点,新课程的教学理念,这一节课的知识特点和学生的实际情况及培养目标,我采用美国著名现代教育心理学家布鲁纳的“发现问题”-------实验探究教学法配合互动教学法 。主要是通过:发现问题---提出问题---讨论问题---解决问题---总结问题等活动过程,师生双方相互配合,相互了解,处于协作关系(新型的师生关系)。这样充分调动学生的学习积极性和主动性,激发学生学习化学的兴趣,保持学生学习化学的兴趣,体验学习化学的快乐,使学生学会“自主学习、合作学习。
学生情况分析
对已进入初三的学生来说,他们的抽象思维能力和归纳概括能力均已初步形成,在课堂他们厌倦教师的说教灌输的教学方式,希望教师能创设便于他们自主学习的环境,给他们发表自己见解和表现自己才华的机会。所以本节课我设计了很多活动:比如,“我会填”“我会答”“讨论与交流”等。这样,不但能让学生在整节课的学习中始终处于积极的学习状态,而且还能为学生在探索中学会学习。
2.说学法
德国大教育家第斯多惠还说过:“一个差的教师只会奉献,而好的教师则教给学生发现真理。”现代教育理论认为:现代的教学,应以发现为重点,确实帮助学生学会用多种方法解决问题,教会学生如:(1)实验探究法。从探究中发现问题,分析问题,从而提高解决问题的能力。
(2)合作学习法。让学生分组准备实验,分组讨论,使学生在交流中取长补短,培养学生的合作竞争意识。
:
三、教学过程
本节课我将分成十个阶段进行,同时将全班分成六个小组。
第一阶段:创设情境:演示烧手帕的化学小魔术。提出问题:为什么手帕烧不坏呢? (这样设计是根据新课程标准的基本理念中第一条:“让每一个学生以轻松愉快的心情去认识多姿多彩、与人类息息相关的化学。”这样做也可以充分调动学生的积极性和主动性。让他们感受到在生活中化学是无处不在的。)
第二阶段:教师演示实验:探究燃烧的条件。
我会在大屏幕上将实验所要用到的仪器、药品及实验步骤给出,由各小组进行讨论,最后发表自己的见解。来预测可能产生哪些现象?然后由老师演示实验,学生仔细观察。实验结束
后由教师引导,学生总结出燃烧的条件是:(1)有可燃物(2)与氧气接触(3)温度达到着火点以上。
第三阶段:提出问题:如果我想让水中的白磷也燃烧,我们应该怎么做呢?由小组再次进行讨论,拿出实验方案。然后选定最佳方案由教师进行演示实验。实验结束后由教师引导,学生总结出出燃烧是三个条件要同时具备的。
(这样设计依据新课程标准基本理念中的第二条:“给每一个学生提供一个平等的学习机会,同时可以使不能程度的学生有所提高。”这样设计还可以充分调动学生学习化的的积极性,以及培养他们动手和动脑的能力。)
第四阶段:我设计了一个小环节-------叫做我会答:在这个环节中我将会出几道和实际生活相关的习题:
比如:正在燃烧的炉子(1)如果不再继续加柴禾,炉火还能继续燃烧吗?
(2)如果把炉门关的严严的,一点气不通,炉火还能继续燃烧吗?
(3) 如果把燃着的柴禾拿走,炉火还能继续燃烧吗?
这些问题都是由小组进行讨论,然后回答。看看哪组的答案好。
(这样设计可以与生活相关系起来,同时也可以让学生处于兴奋状态,还可以培养他们的竞争意识。)
第五阶段:我们知道了燃烧的条件了,都可以生火。从古至今,火给人类带来了很多的好处,让各个小组讨论,然后说说火对于人类都有哪些好处?
(这样设计可以进行学科渗透。与历史等学科相连。)
第六阶段:播放录像片:20xx年吉林省辽源市中心医院的火灾。让同学们体会到,火可以为人类造福,同时也会给人类带来灾难。看完后让学生们说说如果你遇到这样的情况你会怎么办?
(这样设计可以让学生了解辩证唯物主义观点,知道事物是两面性的,有好的一面也有坏的一面。还可以对他们进行爱国主义教育,要珍惜生命,爱护国家财产。)
第七阶段:创设情境:大火我们可以拨打119。要是遇到一些小火我们应该怎么办呢?在这个阶段要进行学生的分组实验。给出一个大烧杯,烧杯中放有一根燃着的的蜡烛,提出问题:如果我想让烧杯中的蜡烛熄灭,你想怎么办?由小组进行讨论,拿出实验方案并进行实验。实验结束后由各小组代表发言。最后由教师引导,学生总结出灭火的原理。
(这样设计可以锻炼学生的动手能力和动脑能力。同时还可以锻炼他们的设计实验的能力、语言表达能力和概括总结的能力。)
第八阶段:结合生活实际的小环节-----我会答。
给出几个生活中的例子:
1.如果炒菜的油锅着火了怎么办?
2.如果实验桌上酒精洒了,着火了怎么办?
3.如果液化石油气着火了怎么办?
4.如果电器着火了怎么办?
(这样设计是想让理论联系实际,让学生感觉到化学对生活中遇到的问题也很有用,以激发他们学习化学的积极性和主动性。)
第九阶段:通过录像片介绍一些易燃、易爆物的安全知识以及一些灭火器具的使用方法。
第十阶段:反思小结。这个阶段会提出问题:这节课你都学到了哪些知识。由各小组分别讨论回答。最后由教师引导,学生串线总结。
3. 板书设计:
我的板书主要分为 部分。分别是
4.布置作业:
本节课的作业为:书后 页 题。以及我从参考书中选取的习题。
针对学生素质的差异,我进行了分层次训练,还练习了一部分的实际生活相关的题,这样做既可以使学生掌握基础知识,又可以使有能力的同学有所提高。从而达到拨尖和减负的目的。
本节课的教学设计我主要采用教师引导,学生为主,师生协作,以实验为基础,以思维为重点的合作探究教学形式,着重了两个体现、四个突出。
1. 两个体现:
(1) 体现新课程改革素质教育的教学理念
(2) 体现学生自主探究的学习方式
2. 四个突出:
(1) 以实验为基础,引导科学发现
(2) 以思维为核心,开展问题探究
(3) 以学生为主体,促进知识内化
(4) 以小组为单位,构建研究氯围
那么以上就是我关于 说课的内容。谢谢大家!
初三化学说课稿篇九
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初三化学说课稿篇十
1、教材的内容、地位和作用
《氨》选自高中第二册教材第一章《氮族元素》的第二节。在第一册教材中,第一章《化学反应及其能量变化》、第三章《物质的量》介绍了基本概念和基本理论,第二章《碱金属》、第四章《卤素》则是使学生获得元素化合物知识的初步感性认识,第五章《物质结构元素周期律》是将这种感性认识上升到理论高度,随后安排的第六章《氧族元素》和第七章《碳族元素》都可看作是在物质结构理论指导下进行的学习。因此,学习《氮族元素》这一章,可以使学生进一步学习运用物质结构理论分析、研究、解决元素化合物知识的方法。
《氨》主要介绍氨的分子结构和性质,另外穿插了介绍了什么是极性分子。从课题内容的整体安排来看,教材体现了“结构→性质→用途”的思想,并通过与学生已有知识联系,不断完善和发展学生的认知结构。课题中还安排了丰富的实验,通过验证、探究、讨论、分析等活动得出结论,因此具有鲜明的学科特色。学习本课题,可以进一步强化学生学习化学的科学方法,还可以使学生对生产生活中与氨有关的物质的性质有一定了解。
2、教学目标分析
(1)知识与技能目标
掌握氨的结构、性质以及二者之间的关系;掌握极性分子的判断方法;训练学生基本的实验技能。
(2)能力目标
通过学生实验和演示实验,进一步培养学生动手、观察、分析的实验能力。
通过对氨的结构与性质关系的分析,培养学生以理论指导元素化合物知识学习的能力。
通过氨分子结构和极性的分析,培养学生类比、对比、抽象、综合、归纳的思维能力。
(3)情感目标
通过结构与性质之间的关系,对学生进行辨证唯物主义教育,激发学生学习化学的兴趣。
3、教学重点、难点
本课题重点:从氨的结构出发,分析推断氨的性质。
本课题难点:极性分子的理解和判断。
1、教学思想
(1)认知规律
高二学生已学习过碱金属、卤素、氧族、碳族等多族元素化合物知识,并已经把这些实践上升到理论高度,因此,在本课题的教学中,运用物质结构理论,学习氨的结构和性质之间的关系,符合学生的认知规律。
(2)认知过程
通过以往的学习,高二学生已经掌握了元素化合物知识的一般学习方法,因此,在本课题的教学中,仍可沿用“结构→性质→用途”的学习方式,以适应学生的认知过程。
2、教学手段
(1)实验
高二学生已经掌握基本实验技能,可以设计和动手操作一些简单的实验,在观察实验现象时,既充满好奇,又能由表及里,从现象出发,深入思考事物的本质。所以,在教学中,完全可以充分利用这个课题中丰富的实验素材,采取学生实验与演示实验相结合、验证实验与探究实验相结合的方法实施实验。
(2)多媒体
作为这个课题的难点,“分子的极性”很抽象,教师使用常规教学手段,比如借助模型或者板演等,都需要学生有很强的空间想象能力,学生接受得很吃力,教学也就显得枯燥死板。所以,引进多媒体手段,充分利用动画和图片等,把小的分子模型放大,把静止的变成活动的,把抽象的变成可以直接感知的,从而突破教学难点。
1、对比分析法
将分子结构进行分类对比,便于学生分析极性分子和非极性分子的结构特点;将氨和不同酸反应的实验设计为对比实验,便于学生分析氨与酸反应的本质。
2、实验探究法
通过教师的演示,学生的动手操作,观察分析实验现象,探究氨的性质。
3、多媒体辅助法
合理、恰当地运用先进教学手段,将静态事物动态化,将抽象事物直观化,以突破教学难点。
4、演绎推理法
运用已有氧化还原反应的知识,通过逻辑演绎,推导氨的还原性。
5、讲解法
联合国教科文组织报告——《学会生存——教育世界的今天和明天》振聋发聩的发出警告:明天的文盲将不是目不识丁的人,而是不知道如何学习的人。因此,重视学法指导,教会学生如何学习,培养学生具有终身学习的基础知识、基本技能和方法等,应当成为教学过程中致力追求的一个目标。
结合本课题的内容,教师可以从以下几个方面指导学生进行学习:
1、指导学生利用生活素材,提炼总结氨的物化性质。
2、紧紧抓住事物内部的因果关系,由“果”导“因”或由“因”推“果”。如抓住“氨易溶于水”(果)探求“氨的结构”(因),或根据“氮元素的化合价”(因)推测“氨具有还原性”(果)。
3、指导学生用类比、对比等思维方法,使新知识与已有知识发生联系,以增进对新知识的理解。如将“分子的极性”与“键的极性”进行类比,将“极性分子”与“非极性分子”进行对比等。
4、引导学生变正向思维为逆向思维,达到对知识的深层理解和运用。如在分析氨为极性分子后,及时引导学生思考:“如果ab3型分子为非极性分子,它可能的空间结构是什么呢?”
设计思想:知识为载体,思维为主线,能力为目标,设疑探索,实验贯穿,整个教学程序中注重师生互动。
共分为五个环节:
导入新课
新课教学
课堂小结
巩固练习
课后研究
第一个环节:导入新课
为了激发学生的兴趣,同时提供生活素材,使学生从中提炼出氨的物化性质,采用一段新闻视频导入新课。这段新闻介绍了本地处置一起液氨泄漏事故的经过。(见图1)
另外,还可从这段新闻中截取一些能够体现氨的物理性质的图片,放在下面的教学环节中使用。(见图2)
(图1)(图2)
第二个环节:新课教学
为了使“结构→性质→用途”的学习线索更明确,把本课题的知识内容分解成以下四个模块。
溶解性
氨水
结构
碱性
铵盐
还原性
硝酸
结构……………性质…………用途
(1)结构——运用多媒体突破难点
学生在新闻中了解到氨易溶于水,很自然想到:为什么呢?这就需要先学习氨的结构。从氮的原子结构和氨的分子组成入手,使用球棍模型,分析氨的分子结构。
氨是三角锥形结构,为什么就易溶于水呢?这就需要进一步学习什么是极性分子。这里是教学的难点,为了突破教学瓶颈,使用多媒体。
先展示分子模型的图片,通过类比、对比的分析方法,使学生理解什么是极性分子,并能够根据已知分子结构进行判断(见图3)。然后使用acdlabs/3dviewer软件绘制分子结构的三维动画,引导学生运用逆向思维,思考“ab3、ab4型分子如为非极性分子,它们可能的结构”,从而达到对知识的深层理解和运用。(见图4)
(图3)(图4)
在这里,多媒体手段的应用既激发了学生探究的兴趣,又培养了学生由现象抽象出事物共同属性的能力。分组讨论这种形式可使学生发挥群智群力,在精心设置的问题台阶的帮助下,顺利突破本课题的教学难点。
(2)溶解性——验证性分组实验
学习了分子的极性后,由相似相溶规律,很容易解释氨为什么易溶于水。当然,教师还应向学生说明,氨易溶于水,还有其他方面的原因,为以后学习氢键埋下伏笔。
氨易溶于水,能否在课堂上通过简单实验进行验证呢?由学生设计实验,并分组完成喷泉实验。
通过实验中观察到的现象,小结氨的物理性质,并讲解氨水的有关问题。刚才新闻中截取的图片应用于此。
(3)碱性——探究性对比实验
氨溶于水呈碱性,氨能不能与酸反应,答案就很明显了。这个模块中的演示实验是在课本的基础上进行了一定改进。一是改进了操作方法,使用集气瓶,使现象更集中,更易于观察;二是增加了实验内容,先后使用难挥发性和易挥发性酸与氨气反应,形成对比实验,便于学生进行探究性思考。(见图5)
(4)还原性——补充演示实验
氨还有没有其他性质呢?学生从化合价入手,猜想氨有还原性。学生的猜想对不对呢?补充两个演示实验进行验证。
一是氨与氯气的作用,将一瓶氯气倒扣在滴有浓氨水的集气瓶上,出现了大量白烟。
二是氨的催化氧化。使用氧化铬作催化剂,先用酒精灯对催化剂进行预热,同时缓慢鼓入空气,待催化剂红热后,撤走酒精灯,加快鼓入空气。这时可以看到,随着空气鼓入的节奏,催化剂出现了一亮一暗的现象,并且,集气瓶中出现了红棕色气体。(见图6)
(图5)(图6)
第三个环节课堂小结
及时进行课堂小结,再次突出“结构决定性质,性质决定用途”的学习线索,对学生进行学法指导。
第四个环节巩固练习
使用课后习题,进行知识的巩固。
第五个环节课后研究
分为三个方面:
1、实验探究
2、网上寻宝
3、身边的化学
第二节氨铵盐
一、氨的结构
电子式结构式三角锥型
二、氨的物理性质
无色有刺激性气味气体,比空气轻,极易溶于水(1:700),易液化,可用作致冷剂。
三、氨的化学性质
1、与水的反应
nh3+h2onh3·h2onh4++oh-
微粒:nh3、h2o、nh3·h2o;nh4+、oh-、h+
2、与酸的反应
nh3+h+=nh4+检验
3、与氧化剂的反应
8nh3+3cl2=6nh4cl+n2
4nh3+5o24no+6h2o制硝酸
小结:溶解性、碱性、还原性
初三化学说课稿篇十一
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