当前位置:网站首页 >> 作文 >> 人教版小学科学说课稿(10篇)

人教版小学科学说课稿(10篇)

格式:DOC 上传日期:2023-03-23 16:38:46
人教版小学科学说课稿(10篇)
时间:2023-03-23 16:38:46     小编:zdfb

无论是身处学校还是步入社会,大家都尝试过写作吧,借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们一起来看一看吧。

人教版小学科学说课稿篇一

《能量的转换》是《科学》六年级下册第五单元《神奇的能量》的第二课(放映幻灯1),在本单元中起到承上启下的作用。(放映幻灯2)通过第一课《各种各样的能量》的学习,学生对能量以及能量形式有了初步的了解后,本课进一步引领学生探究各种形式的能量之间是如何转换的,为第三课《能源》第四课《节约能源和开发新能源》建构坚实的科学知识基础,也为他们今后学习物理学最普遍的定律之一——能量守恒定律打下感性认识基础。四课之间是层层递进的逻辑关系。

本课将指导学生认识能量最基本的特点----能量的转换。教学内容分为四个部分。

第一部分:认识什么是能量的转换。

第二部分:认识能量转换的过程。

第三部分:做一个简单的能量转换玩具。

第四部分:拓展活动——画能量转换的卡通画。

(放映幻灯3)根据教材的编排意图,结合六年级学生的实际,遵循课标精神,我确定了以下三维教学目标。

1.科学知识:让学生建立能量转换的概念,知道一种形式的能量可以转换成另一种形式的能量。这是本课学习的重点。

2.科学探究:

(1)、能根据现象进行猜想、推测,并能通过实验验证发现规律,亲历一个完整的科学探究过程,

(2)、指导学生探索,能针对具体情境说出什么形式的能量转换成了什么形式的能量。这是本课学习的难点。

3.情感态度和价值观.:

(1)、乐于合作,逐步培养学生的科学素养。

(2)、懂得看似平常的事物里往往蕴藏着科学道理,并能不断地提出一些问题,自己设计研究方案去解决问题。

“教无定法,贵在得法”。本课教学的指导思想是在启发性原则和主体性原则的指导下,充分调动学生的学习兴趣,激发求知欲望,力图体现以活动组织教学,通过营造有趣的问题情境,让学生经历一个发现问题、实验验证、得出结论并解决问题的过程去认识能量的转换。为此特做如下教学准备:录音机、火柴、缝衣针、花生、凉水、不锈钢汤勺、软木塞、大扣子、长1米左右的线绳。

对于本课的教学,我主要安排5个环节组织教学。

环节一、创设情境, 激发探究兴趣,认识能量转换的概念。

六年级学生对能量转换基本没有科学的清晰的认识,教学时通过身边的生活实例帮助学生弄清能量的转换是怎么回事,(放映幻灯4)再通过开灯、放录音、搓手等活动,引导学生认识能量可以转换并经常转换,能量的转换与我们的生活非常贴近,从而激发他们进一步研究的兴趣,充分调动学生思维,为本课重难点突破做好铺垫。

环节二、亲手实验,感知能量转换的过程。

这部分是本课的重点,我分为两个层次循序渐进突破。(放映幻灯5)首先采用美国杜威先生“做中学”的教学思想,以合作式的教学方法,引导学生根据书上的提示四人一组完成小实验。先在汤勺里倒入适当凉水并测好水温。然后固定花生米,点燃花生米加热水,对比加热前后水温的变化,最后组织学生描述能量的转换过程:划着一根火柴,人体中的化学能转换成了光能和热能。燃烧一粒花生米,加热了水,花生米中的化学能就转换成了光能和热能。这个小实验简单易操作,让学生亲历科学探究的全过程,从中获得科学知识,增长才干,体会科学探究的乐趣,理解科学的真谛,这便是真正的科学教育。研究表明,只有学习者处于一个有着多种多样的联系与刺激的环境中时,才能更好地建构自己有价值的知识并迅速地发展其思维能力。

第二层次是本课教学的难点:通过模式图引导学生描述能量转换的过程。科学课强调使学生学会科学的看问题和想问题,定量分析能使他们的头脑更精确化更科学化,只有能用一定数据来描述事物时,才算达到对事物性质的真正了解。因此我采用探究式教学方法,师生共同讨论梳理图上的一组复杂而连贯的能量转换过程。这是书上的一幅彩图,教师引导学生准确描述,“太阳的能量以光能的形式辐射到地球,植物接收了来自太阳的光能,并转换成化学能储存在植物体内,人吸收植物的化学能转换成机械能,发电机把机械能转换为电能,电热水壶把电能转换为热能和声能。”这样就浅入深出、深入浅出将一个抽象的科学知识体系——能量守恒定律在学生的头脑中留下科学的概念和思维。用活教材,教会学生科学的探究过程,掌握一定的科学方法,相当与让学生有了一根“点石成金的手指头”,这是学生终身受益,可持续发展的本钱。

环节三、做小玩具,探究飞旋扣子的秘密,体会能量转换的过程。

动手做小玩具,我认为是本课教学内容安排的一个亮点,它符合学生的年龄特征和认知特点,学生的学习热情将再一次被激发到高潮。(放映幻灯6)课文详细地介绍了制作所需要的材料和制作方法,并且给出了成品样式和操作情景,学生能顺利完成操作,在学生玩过之后探究讨论这个小玩具里是什么形式的能量转换成什么形式的能量,很容易就能理解动能与重力势能之间的能量转换。再让学生玩玩自己熟悉的溜溜球,充分理解动能与重力势能的转变。这个教学内容的设计不仅让学生充分感受看似平常的事物里往往蕴藏着科学道理,而且初步感知了抽象的科学体系——机械能守恒定律。

环节四、动手画一画能量转换的卡通画。

这个活动是在学生理解能量转换的基础上进行的,是对前面学习的巩固和检验,是从探究到实践的过程。因此我采用自主式教学方法,充分调动学生的创造性自由发挥做画,这个环节不但能使学生思维的开放性和独立性得到充分的体现,而且潜移默化培养了孩子的科学素养。

环节五、总结巩固,延伸运用,学会持续科学地看问题想问题。

课堂结束时以“通过这节课的学习,你有什么收获?”的收拢式提问结合板书对课堂学习内容做一个扫描式总结,然后观看一段dvd影象资料引发学生深层思考,“用教材教而不是教教材”,这个教学设计的目的是既加深学生对能量转换的认识,开拓视野,又引发学生新的思考,最后让学生课后继续探究问题:“在能量转换的过程中,一种能量的增加或减少,转换的另一种能量是否会发生变化?促使学生学科学,爱科学,能自主对知识进行系统整理,并把探究活动延伸至课外。

第二课能量的转换

转换

一种形式的能量——→另一种形式的能量

电灯

电能——→光能和热能

划火柴

(燃烧花生米)

化学能——→光能和热能

飞旋的纽扣

动能-——→重力势能

……——→……

人教版小学科学说课稿篇二

����

������������ת�����ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµ¥ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµú¶ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½1�����ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµ½³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½2��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ó£¬±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿î¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½í¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºã¶¨ï¿½é´ï¿½ï¿½â¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½

�������î½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½----������ת������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý·ï¿½îªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½

�����������ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµ¥µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½

�������ä²ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½3�����ý½ì²äµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½î±ê¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£

����1.��ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£¬öªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡£

����2.��ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������1�����ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½æ²â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½

������2����ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½,����ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ëµï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£

����3�����ì¬ï¿½èºí¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½.��

������1�������úºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������2�������ã¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½,�ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

����

���������þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§,í¨ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³,��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡¢·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½1�����òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������ú±ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5��������ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½

��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³, ����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î¡£

�������꼶ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ê±í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½åªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½4����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµè»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£

�������ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½

�����ⲿ���ç±ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ò·ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ò½¥½ï¿½í»ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½5�����è²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ë¼ï¿½ë£¬ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡êµï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½â¡ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½âµä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½è¼ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ü¾ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¹ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¸é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ß´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ì¼ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¸ï¿½ï¿½ãµø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ¸ï¿½ùµø·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½í·ï¿½ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»ï¿½é¸´ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¼è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ü´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é»ï¿½ðµï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ»ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºã¶¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ì²ä£ï¿½ï¿½ì»ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½àµ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯ï¿½é½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ä±ï¿½ç®ï¿½ï¿½

��������������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½

����������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý°ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½øµã£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½«ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ãµï¿½6��������ï¸ï¿½ø½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ïºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½í²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½×ªï¿½ä¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ýµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ü¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½å¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ë³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øºã¶¨ï¿½é¡ï¿½

���������ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä£ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí¼ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ç´ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºí¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ä¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëºï¿½ï¿½óµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������塢�ü½á¹®ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

�������ã½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ô¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°,����ê²ã´ï¿½õ»ï¿½?������â£ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½é¨ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ü½á£¬è»ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½dvdó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ì²ä½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ì½ì²ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¼è¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½á·¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµí³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

����

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½

����ת��

����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������

�������ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������

����(è¼ï¿½õ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)

������ñ§ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����������å¦ï¿½ï¿½

��������-��������������

������������������

人教版小学科学说课稿篇三

本节内容紧紧围绕地球运动及其所产生的地理意义进行学习,而昼夜交替则是地球运动的重要地理意义之一。它对我们以后学习时差和昼夜长短起到了铺垫作用。并且,学生对昼夜交替的学习有利于透过一些自然现象认识到事物本质规律和空间思维能力的培养。

教学目标

根据课程标准要求和学生对知识的掌握能力,我将本节课的教学目标定为以下三点:

(1)能够解释昼夜现象和昼夜交替想象。

(2)能够读图判读晨昏线,并能够运用晨昏线的特征解决问题。

(3)树立世界的物质性及物质运动规律性本质性的价值观。

重、难点分析

判读晨昏线对学生的空间思维能力及读图分析能力要求很高,而且它是解决地理问题的重要运用之一。

遂将晨昏线的判读和特征及运用定为本节重点

将晨昏线的判别和特点定为难点。

我的学生是刚进入高中学习的高一新生,接触专业地理知识的时间较短,对这一方面的概念比较模糊。所以我要着重兴趣导入和强化概念,让他们能打好基础。此外,这个年纪的学生自我意识都比较强,所以在课程中,可以充分调动他们的自主性,由老师说,学生听,转化为老师引导,学生探索,学生思考,学生梳理。

本节我采用的教学方法是以读图分析法为主,通过地球仪演示,让学生根据演示来分析、归纳、比较昼夜现象和昼夜交替现象的形成,运用教学挂图,指导学生分析归纳晨昏线的特征,同时辅以情景创设,采用设问式教学方法完成知识的传授,让学生主动去理解知识,运用学习成果。

兴趣是最好的老师,故教学中运用地球仪,地图演示等生动、形象的现代教学手段来激发学生的学习兴趣,同时提出一些小问题 (如在同一时间里,为什么太阳只能照亮地球表面的一半),引导学生进行积极地思考,激发学生探索知识的兴趣和热情,变被动为主动。

(一)上下衔接,导入新课

在上一节课中我们学习了太阳直射点的移动,在复习上节课的内容之后,以提问“太阳直射点是否固定?移动的太阳直射点会形成怎样的自然现象?”来引出白天黑夜现象,进一步描述为“昼夜现象”,以日复一日白天黑夜往复交替的事实规律,从而引出昼夜交替现象。由此进入新课的学习。

(二)新课教学

1。创设情境,明确关系

在引入新课的基础上,首先要给学生提出一个问题(白天和黑夜的区别是什么?),在学生回答出“光”之后,我们就能得出“太阳是地球有昼夜交替的必要原因”

继续提问“静止的太阳或地球还会造成昼夜现象吗?”,开始引导学生进行假设①地球不动,太阳绕着地球转;②太阳不动,地球围着太阳转;③地球自转;④地球围着太阳转,同时自转。。。。。猜测是科学课培养学生兴趣的方法之一,也是让学生尝试构建一个解决问题的模型。以前学生对昼夜交替现象肯定有些许了解,也就让学生有了探究、验证的需求,为学生形成科学的研究习惯和方法做好指导。

在让学生小组讨论,假设,推导之后,让学生来公布讨论结果。我会表扬学生的活跃思维并且总结,明确昼夜交替现象是由太阳和地球双方的特性决定的。通过地球仪来演示地球自转引起的昼夜交替现象。再指出相对于静态的昼夜现象,昼夜交替则是动态的,让学生明确昼夜交替是在昼夜现象的而基础上地球自转产生的自然现象。

2。步步引导,合理过度

在上面知道了昼夜交替的原因,通过生活中日复一日的昼夜交替现象我们可以得出昼夜交替的周期为一日,这里的一日是指太阳日(24小时),在这里要强调我们的研究对象为地球和太阳,是以太阳作为参考点,所以周期为一个太阳日。

再指出昼夜交替影响着人类的起居作息,因此,太阳日被用来作为基本的时间单位。

3。图文结合,突破难点

让学生观察教学挂图,指出昼半球和夜半球的分界线为晨昏线(圈),在这里学生可以通过教学挂图形象直观的出分界线在空间上表现为一个圈。再指出,晨昏线由晨线和昏线构成的,通过生活中清晨日出和黄昏日落的自然下现象引导出晨昏线的判读方法,即顺着地球自转方向,由夜半球进入昼半球经过的分界线是晨线,由昼半球进入夜半球经过的分界线为昏线。在这里要强调顺着地球自转方向这个前提条件。接下来,通过教学挂图来分析晨昏线的特征,针对晨昏线是过地心的大圆的这个特点,以赤道为例补充说明球体上大圆的知识点。在特点中重点强调晨昏线平分赤道,晨线与赤道的交点的地方时为六点,昏线赤道的交点的地方时为十八点,并指出这点在以后知识学习中的重要性。对于太阳光线垂直于晨昏线,以及将经过的纬线分割为昼弧和夜弧指导学生读图分析即可得出,作简要解释即可。

4。课后问题

地球上的昼夜交替我们已经了解了,那么地球的卫星——月亮上的昼夜交替是怎样的呢?它与地球昼夜交替的差别又在哪里?相关知识请同学们在课后去了解。

板书设计

昼夜交替

一、昼夜现象 四、晨昏线

二、交替原因 1。构成

三、交替周期 2。特点

人教版小学科学说课稿篇四

����

�����������ý½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½æµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ñ§ï°ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï±¾ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½éºí¿õ¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½

�������ý¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¶¨îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£º

������1���ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������2���ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

������3����������������ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôµä¼ï¿½öµï¿½û¡ï¿½

�����ø¡ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿õ¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ü¸ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½

�����콫�����ߵ��ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½

�����������ߵ��ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¶¨îªï¿½ñµã¡£

����

�����òµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸õ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó´ï¿½×¨òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü´ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ëµï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

���������ò²ï¿½ï¿½ãµä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¶ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä´ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ������í¬ò»ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬îªê²ã´ì«ï¿½ï¿½ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ä±»ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿ï¿½

��������ò»ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï½ú¿îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ì¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¿¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡±£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½õ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é´ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿îµï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½

�����������â¿î½ï¿½ñ§

����1�������龳����è·ï¿½ï¿½ïµ

�����������â¿îµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íºï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡±ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½üµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½òªô­ï¿½ï¿½

�����������ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»¹»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ùµï¿½ï¿½ò²»¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½üµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ò»ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï°ï¿½ßºí·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½æµï¿½ö®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ô¾ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¾ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¶ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2��������������������

����������öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ò»ï¿½õµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ôµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½24ð¡ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½î¿ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¡ï¿½

������ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½äµ¥î»ï¿½ï¿½

����3��í¼ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï£ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ûµä³ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿õ¼ï¿½ï¿½ï±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªò»ï¿½ï¿½è¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ßºí»ï¿½ï¿½ß¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å³¿ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½í»æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ð¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾­¹ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¾­¹ï¿½ï¿½ä·ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ë³ï¿½åµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ßµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµä´ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬ï¿½ô³ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ê±îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ê±îªê®ï¿½ëµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½öªê¶ñ§ï°ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß´ï¿½ö±ï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³ï¿½ß·ö¸ï¿½îªï¿½ç»¡ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

����4���îºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îºï¿½è¥ï¿½ë½â¡£

�����������

������ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ �ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������ô­ï¿½ï¿½ 1������

���������������� 2���øµï¿½

人教版小学科学说课稿篇五

�������������꼶ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½5���ṹ

�����ôºï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½5����ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç°ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãºí·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ë¼î¬ë®æ½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ì¼£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ë²ï¿½ï¿½ì¡£

����í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ð±ï¿½òªï¿½ú³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï´ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½---ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö®ï¿½ó£¬¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§í»ï¿½æ½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ñµã¡£

�����������òºï¿½å¡·ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ý¿î³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡±ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

���������ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ò°ñ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ1�ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¸¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ2�ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶òºï¿½å¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òºï¿½åµ¹ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµ1�ð£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½åµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¡·ï¿½í¡ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¸¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úºï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½3�����ð½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý£ï¿½

����1���ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����2������������������ø£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½

����3������í¬òºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£

����������ëµï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

����öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������뷽����ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ì¬ï¿½è¼ï¿½öµï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½øµã£ºï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ñµã£ºí¨ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1.�ṹ�����

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ä¾ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¯í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û±ê¡ï¿½æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¡¢²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ëµú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½õ¼ä¡£

����2.�ṹ������

����ע�����ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²ï¿½ç´ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ä½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ð¡ï¿½é·¢ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ð¡ï¿½é·¢ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½×¥×¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1.����ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ð£ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ø´ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2.�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¤ï¿½ï¿½

������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤

���������㱨

�����������⣺ע�����������ø£ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ðµï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½ò»ê¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ï¿½×¥×¡ã¬ï¿½ü£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä¸ß¶è£ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½

������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ע������ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ð°ì·¨ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ðµä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2��������裬����������

����3��ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ö¸ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4���㱨������

���������í¼ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿é¸ä±ï¿½ä£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ïµï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1.����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2.���é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½êµï¿½ö³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½

����3.������ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµä¸ä±ï¿½í¬ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����4.����ì½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½î¸ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä¸ß¶è£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿îºï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½×µä¿õ¼ä¡£

����ע��í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¿ï¿½ï¿½ã½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ð£ï¿½

���������������壺��ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½òµãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½

���������������ý£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³é¾í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����������û·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½

������ú¿î£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ã¼î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¡ï¿½

������ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ð»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½í¾ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó³ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ä»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ã»ï¿½ô¾ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

人教版小学科学说课稿篇六

����

��������ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§ï¿½×¶î¶ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ë®ñ­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¼ï¿½"����"��"����"����ö®ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò²îªñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ìµï¿½;ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹û²ì¡¢ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"êµï¿½é±¾ï¿½ï¿½"��"���é±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��ïµï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"ð¡ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¿î³ï¿½"����ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½

�����î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��������������

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡£½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"����"���ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£

�����������ö£ï¿½ëµëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

��������������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµä¿ï¿½ñ§ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â£¬ï¿½ß±ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¾æ¾ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ê±ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì´°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ò²ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¼®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ä½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ã»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬¶ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½è½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¸ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î½ó´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½â¡£ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½öªê¶ç¨ï¿½æµï¿½ë®æ½ò²ï¿½ð½ï´ï¿½ä²ï¿½à£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ±è½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¸ï¿½ú»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¿î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ç¿ì½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ñ§ï°ï¿½í¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â´ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½êµï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµä½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½

����1����ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½

����2������æ±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ò£¬¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ã±è½ïµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é±¾ï¿½â¡ï¿½

����3����������ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤;�����ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ý¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç±ä»¯ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½û¡ï¿½

����4��ô¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë½»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

�����øµã£ºë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½

�����ñµã£ºï¿½ï¿½æ±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����îªí»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã¡¢í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµã£¬ï¿½ï¿½æ½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½1���ì·ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½;2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

����ò»ï¿½ã¿ï¿½òªè¡ï¿½ã³é¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½öµï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1����ê¦×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½õ±ï¿½2����������2������ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ü¼ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½2ö»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½2���è¡ï¿½

����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óµè¡ï¿½

����

��������ñ§ï¿½î³ì±ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á³«ï¿½ï¿½"�������-�������-êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤-�ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½-����ó¦ï¿½ï¿½"�ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ê½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½è¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ª¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æµä±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õµã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ã¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½

����(ò»)��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�����ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¸ï¿½ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¶ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½è½ï¿½ä°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ò»ï¿½ã¶¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ï¿½ë¸´ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ñ¶è£ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ¡£ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»öªê¶ï¿½ã¡£

������ê¦ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºí¬ñ§ï¿½ç£ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡¢·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë­ëµëµê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��ð©ï¿½ø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�����ø´ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ð¡ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½äµø·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½í£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð´ï¿½ï¿½úºü¶ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ú¿î½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í´ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ë£¬ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½öºï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¾ï¿½ï¿½ó¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��í¬ñ§ï¿½ç±ß¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¹û²ì£¬ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ë¿ì¿ï¿½ê¼ï¿½ï¿½

������í½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����(��)������⣬�����â¿ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ù»ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½õ²å¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¹û²ì¡¢ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ºë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?��

��������������ú¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����(��)ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����(�����çºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½(��)���ð°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½é¡£)ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½?��������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?

������ê¦ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½"��"��������è¥ï¿½ï¿½?ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â¡ï¿½

����������������������úµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½

����ð¡ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é±ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµï¿½ï¿½ë»·ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµæ£¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµä¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������飺ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµäºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½?

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ë¡£

����(��)��ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1������ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ê¾êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶×ªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?(������òªï¿½ð¾ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½çµï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½?)�ò²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ì£¬ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½à£¬ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£

����2��ö®ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ë®?

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½é¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü´ð£º¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â±è½ïµí£ï¿½ï¿½ç¾ï¿½ï¿½óµï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ò²ï¿½è½ïµí¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü·ï¿½ö¤ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½?

����3��êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ô¹ü¼ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡¢¾æ¾ï¿½ï¿½æ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä³ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ã²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¿î±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµäºã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¼ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ã£¬ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½ð§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½è±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½í¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý²ï¿½ï¿½ï½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é¡£è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß½ï¿½ï¿½â¡£

�������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªö¤ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×±ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½(�ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®)��

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ã±è½ï¿½êµï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¡ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½èµä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û²ï¿½á·¢ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������êµï¿½ï¿½ç°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òµï¿½ï¿½èµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?����ê±ó¦×¢ï¿½â°²è«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¯ï¿½ó¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ì¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ppt�ï¡ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬?��ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½?

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½õ±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù¡ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¶ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ìµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è³ì¶è¡ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ã±¨êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×£ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¼è»ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½û±ï¿½ï¿½ë¾­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·´¸ï¿½ï¿½ù·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½!���ô²ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë²ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è«ï¿½ï¿½í¬ï¿½ï¿½

��������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¾ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ò¡£¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ï¿½éµï¿½?

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä¡ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á¡£(������⣺����)�����ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ã¼ï¿½í·ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½

�������飺ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½--����-��ë®

�����ú±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµã£¬òªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú½ï¿½ï¿½ú±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬(���ð¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½?�è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½!ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è£ï¿½ï¿½è½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½)è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ç¨ï¿½æ¡ï¿½

�������꼶��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß¼ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼î¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¼òµ¥»ã±¨ò»ï¿½â¾ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½æ²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ã±¨ö®ï¿½ó£¬»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥êµï¿½é¡£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¾ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¡£

����(��)�ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�������ú±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½æ£ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô±è½ï¿½êµï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì±è½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä¡ï¿½

������ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¼òµ¥µï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öºí·ï¿½ï¿½å±ï¿½ê¾ï¿½ï¿½

����(��)�����ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å´ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½é£¬ô¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì»¨ï¿½å¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ë®ï¿½é£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç³¿ï¿½ï¿½ò¶ï¿½ïµï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½èµè¡ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½á£ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½å¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¾ï¿½æ¬ï¿½í»á³¤"����"�����ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±ï¿½ë®ï¿½ï¿½?������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½í»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½áµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½éµä£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤î¶ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡£¡ï¿½

����(��)��õ¹ó¦ï¿½ï¿½

����ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú±ï¿½ï¿½ï³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ë®ï¿½é£¬ó°ï¿½ï¿½ë¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·¨ï¿½ï¿½ö¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä³ï¿½ï¿½ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����

��������

�������᣺ë®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½--����-��ë®

�������꼶��������仯����������������仯������ò¹ï¿½ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£¬¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµä¹ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¾­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½ì²äµï¿½"�����"��"������".�ì²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ù£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë´«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë°²è«ó¦ï¿½ã£ï¿½ï¿½ç¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½é£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä±ä»¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éºí±ä»¯ô­ï¿½ï¿½;�������⡢���衢�æ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä£ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é¡¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯;����"�ü²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð³ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ñ§ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä°®ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ç²ï¿½ï¿½ï·ï¿½õ¹ï¿½ï¿½"�����ì¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öµï¿½û¡ï¿½

人教版小学科学说课稿篇七

《饮食与健康》是首师大版《科学》四年级下册第四单元《关爱健康》的第一课时,本课的主要目的是先引导同学认识食物中含有哪些人体需要的营养成分,然后指导同学学习几种鉴定食物营养成分的简单方法,最后向同学进行合理营养的教育。本课内容分为四个局部

第一局部:指导同学认识食物中含有的主要营养成分。

第二局部:指导同学用实验的方法,鉴定食物中的三种营养成分。由于食物中含有的营养成分,一般不容易直接观察出来,需要用实验的方法进行鉴定。根据学校的仪器和设备情况,教材选择了鉴定蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉等三种营养成分的方法。

第三局部:向同学进行合理营养的教育。在这局部内容中,主要介绍了中国居民平衡膳食报它的结构、儿童少年中的营养不良状况以和营养午餐的事实、合理营养的原则等。

第四局部:让同学应用合理营养的有关知识,进行科学配餐活动。

根据教材的编排意图,结合四年级同学的实际,遵循课标精神,我确定了以下教学目标。

基础目标:

1、指导食物中含有的主要营养成分

2、学会鉴定蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉等三种营养成分的简单方法

发展目标:

1、关注自身的健康,养成良好的饮食习惯

教学准备:

分组实验资料:鸡蛋白馒头向日葵种子花生碘酒酒精灯等

“教无定法,贵在得法”。教法的体现必需在启发性原则和主体性原则的指导下,充沛调动同学的学习兴趣,激发求职欲望。本课教学的指导思想是力图体现以活动组织教学,通过营造有趣的问题情境,让同学动起手来,参与到实验中去,并且能够积极地去设计实验方案,自主地探索新的连线方法等。下面,我具体说一下这节课的几个环节

(一)、认识食物中的营养物质

开始上课后,教室谈话:人每天都要吃食物,你知道这是为什么吗?然后让同学进行讨论,进行简单汇报。教室接着问:你都知道食物中含有人体需要的哪些营养成分?在给同学一些时间进行交流,然后汇报,最后教师小结食物中所含有的营养成分。

这一环节主要通过同学交流,使每一个同学都能积极地考虑,使同学对食物中的营养物质有更多的认识。

(二)、鉴别食物中的营养成分

1、学习检验食物营养成分的方法

谈话:我们怎样来检验食物中的营养成分呢?

(同学讨论检验的方法)

2、介绍实验方法:

实验一:把蛋白质放在酒精灯上烧,问道难闻气味,检验蛋白质

实验二:把花生米在纸上摁压,检验脂肪

实验三:给食物点上稀释的碘酒,检验淀粉

3、组织同学分组进行食物营养成分的检验

(教师在此处可以给同学们创设“矛盾”,比方让同学们猜一猜土豆里面含有什么营养成分,让同学们的想法发生分歧,来激发同学们的积极性)

谈话:用实验的方法,可以检验食物中的营养成分。下面各小组可以自身选择一些食物进行检验

要求:

(1)、边实验边观察

(2)、把观察到的现象记录在记录本上

组织同学汇报交流

小结:

检验各种营养物质的方法

本环节主要是让同学知道鉴别三种营养物质的简单方法,然后通过自身动手实践,来验证一些食物中含有哪些营养物质,

(三)、各种营养养成分对人体的作用

1、谈话:各种营养物质对人体各有什么作用?

(同学讨论)

2、组织同学汇报

3、小结:

合理营养是健康的基础。现在,在儿童少年中,因偏食、挑食等不良的饮食习惯,是肥胖儿童、“豆芽菜”型儿童的数目不时增加。这不只影响儿童少年的正常声中发育,而且还危和儿童少年成年后的健康。为了改变中小学营养构成不够科学的状况,北京市在中小同学中推行由营养师设计的营养午餐。

本环节主要是让同学知道合理饮食的重要性

(四)应用知识的活动(弹性活动)

1、谈话:你喜欢去麦当劳吗?你认为麦当劳的快餐中营养搭配有什么特点?

2、跟据学到的知识来设计一份学校营养配餐的食谱。

科学课程目标的重点在于培养同学的态度和能力,所以评价时,不应过于看重同学所获得的知识的多少和作品的优劣,而应特别关注同学参与的态度、解决问题的能力和发明性,关注学习的过程和方法,关注交流与合作,关注动手实践以和所获得的经验与教训,同时要强调评价的激励性,鼓励同学发挥自身的个性特长,施展自身的才干,努力形成激励广大同学积极进取、勇于创新的氛围。评价可采用多种形式,如书面资料的评价与对同学的口头报告、活动、展示的评价相结合;教师评价与同学的自评、互评相结合;小组的评价与组内个人的评价相结合等。基于这一评价理念,本节课评价方式灵活多样,各种评价方式有机结合。

人教版小学科学说课稿篇八

����

��������ê³ï¿½ë½¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¶ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶ï¿½â²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ôªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½äµï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö£ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä¼òµ¥·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ý·ï¿½îªï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªóªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¡ï¿½

�����ú¶ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö£ï¿½ò»ï¿½ã²»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ó¹û²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è±¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì²ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ö¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

���������ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½á¹¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½

�������ä¾ö²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ó¦ï¿½ãºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¹ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¿ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½

����

�������ý½ì²äµä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¼¶í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ­ï¿½î±ê¾«ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â½ï¿½ñ§ä¿ï¿½ê¡£

��������ä¿ï¿½ê£º

����1��ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªóªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½

����2��ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¡ï¿½ö¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä¼òµ¥·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������õ¹ä¿ï¿½ê£º

����1����ע�����ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï°ï¿½ï¿½

������ñ§×¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¾æ¾ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½

����

���������þ¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½úµã·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ö¸ï¿½ï¿½ë¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ö¯ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é¾³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµ½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½âµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ß·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ£¬ï¿½ò¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ëµò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿îµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ê¼ï¿½ï¿îºó£¬½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¿ï¿½ì¶¼òªï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï£¬ï¿½ï¿½öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼òµ¥»ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½ï¿½ã¶¼öªï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö£ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½í¬ñ§ò»ð©ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¡ï¿½

������ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªí¨ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¹ã¿ò»ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ü»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø¿ï¿½ï¿½ç£ï¿½ê¹í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½

����������������ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½

����1��ñ§ï°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ï¿½ï¿½ø£ï¿½

������í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����2������êµï¿½é·½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����êµï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê·ï¿½ï¿½ú¾æ¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½õ£ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éµ°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¬ï¿½ï¿½

����êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½íµäµï¿½æ£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����3����ö¯í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·öµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

��������ê¦ï¿½ú´ë´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¸ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç´ï¿½ï¿½è¡°ã¬ï¿½ü¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ç²ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æº¬ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµï¿½ï¿½ë·¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½çµä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½

����ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ò»ð©ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����òªï¿½ï¿½

������1������êµï¿½ï¿½ß¹û²ï¿½

������2�����ñ¹û²ìµ½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½â¼ï¿½ú¼ï¿½â¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������ö¯í¬ñ§ï¿½ã±¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����ð¡ï¿½á£º

�����������óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

������������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµä¼òµ¥·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è»ï¿½ï¿½í¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ö¤ò»ð©ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð©óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê£ï¿½

����������������óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é·ö¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

����1��ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã£ï¿½

������í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û£ï¿½

����2����ö¯í¬ñ§ï¿½ã±¨

����3��ð¡ï¿½á£º

��������óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú£ï¿½ï¿½ú¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ«ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½è²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï°ï¿½ß£ï¿½ï¿½ç·ï¿½ï¿½ö¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ¿ï¿½ë¡ï¿½ï¿½í¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¡ï¿½ï¿½â²»ö»ó°ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½î£ï¿½í¶ï¿½í¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ë¸ä±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡ñ§óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½é²ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ï¿½ï¿½×´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ð¡í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½æµï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¡ï¿½

������������òªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§öªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½òªï¿½ï¿½

�������ä£ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô»î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½

����1��ì¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï²ï¿½ï¿½è¥ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½îªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê²ã´ï¿½øµã£¿

����2������ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ñ§ð£óªï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½íµï¿½ê³ï¿½×¡ï¿½

����

������ñ§ï¿½î³ï¿½ä¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½øµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½èºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê±ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµï¿½öªê¶ï¿½ä¶ï¿½ï¿½ùºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ó¦ï¿½ø±ï¿½ï¿½×¢í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ì¬ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ñ§ï°ï¿½ä¹ï¿½ï¿½ìºí·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½êµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ôºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ãµä¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ñµï¿½ï¿½í¬ê±òªç¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ûµä¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ô£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä¸ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ø³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê©õ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ä²å¸é£ï¿½å¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î³é¼ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½è¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú´ï¿½ï¿½âµä·ï¿½î§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û¿é²ï¿½ï¿½ã¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ä¿ï¿½í·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½æ¡¢ï¿½î¶¯ï¿½ï¿½õ¹ê¾ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ê¦ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½í¬ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï£ï¿½ð¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¸ï¿½ï¿½ëµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ïµè¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ò»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½î£¬ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ú¿ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½û·ï¿½ê½ï¿½ð»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¡ï¿½

人教版小学科学说课稿篇九

本单元集中研究有关水的形态变化、水在自然界里的循环,它与三年级上册第三单元《天气与我们的生活》,第四单元《水的科学》构成小学阶段对水的三态变化及水循环认识的整体框架。本课继"蒸发"、"沸腾"两课之后,指导学生认识水蒸气凝结成水的现象,也为学习下头两课《水的三态变化》《小水滴的旅行》做好知识铺垫;使学生认识到在周围熟知的事物中隐藏着我们不熟知的变化,并且是有规律的,是能够被认识的,促使学生更多关注周围常见事物,养成善于观察、探索的科学态度。在本事培养方面,属于"实验本事"和"归纳本事"的系列。我们要秉承"小学科学是培养科学素养的科学启蒙课程"的宗旨进行教学设计。

课本资料分三部分:

第一部分,提出一个关于水蒸气凝结的问题:对着镜子哈气,观察有什么现象?这是问题的提出。

第二部分,经过指导学生探究认识水蒸气的凝结现象。建立初步的"凝结"概念:水蒸气遇冷能够变成小水珠,这种现象叫做凝结。

第三部分,说说生活中的凝结现象。

经过两年多的学习,五年级的学生有了自我的科学思维方式,对科学探究过程有所了解,具备了必须的操作本事,对于科学仪器的基本操作,像用酒精灯进行加热已经比较熟练。

学生生活中虽然常见到凝结现象,像水烧开时的白气,冬天我们呼吸的白气,锅盖上的水珠,冬天窗户上的水珠等,也有部分学生经过书籍,父母的教导可能明白凝结现象,但大多数同学没有深入地研究、思考过水珠的成因,对水蒸气遇冷变成水比较陌生。

比较实验的方法,学生刚刚在《蒸发》这一课接触过,有必须的了解。但学生的思维还缺乏严谨性,知识迁移的水平也有较大的差距,所以学生设计比较实验,尤其对于实验的细节还是有必须困难,需要教师的指导。

《科学》新课程标准提出:要加强探究式学习和动手实践等学习方式的运用,从而为培养创新精神和实践本事打下坚实的基础,为此我将本课的教学目标设计如下:

1、认识凝结,明白水蒸气遇冷会凝结成水。

2、能设计比较实验探究小水珠的成因,巩固使用比较的方法解决问题,掌握科学探究的一般方法,锻炼动手实验本事。

3、体验自主学习,自主发现的乐趣;体验科学探究要尊重证据。渗透自然界的物质是变化的,变化是有规律的科学自然观。

4、愿意合作与交流。

重点:水蒸气遇冷会凝结成水。

难点:设计比较实验认识凝结的条件。

为突出重点、突破难点,设计教法及学法如下:1、教法我将用到复习法、实验探究法、学生演示法;2、学法以实验探究法、小组合作法、团体讨论法为主。

一堂课要取得成功,必须做好充分的准备,为此我做了以下准备工作:

1、教师准备:

分组实验器材:相同烧杯2个、金属盘2个、热水、酒精灯、试管夹、火柴。演示材料:烧杯2只、热水、金属盘2个等。

2、学生准备:小镜子等。

《科学课程标准》提倡以"提出问题-猜想假设-实验验证-得出结论-生活应用"的基本模式展现资料。为了让学生经历科学探究的全过程,先经过学生生活常见现象——向镜子哈气出现小水珠从而引出问题,经过思考,提出假设,再让学生经过自我设计的比较实验进行验证,最终得出结论并尝试应用。我设计了以下几个环节:

(一)教学导入

我将采用复习法:本课教学资料对学生来说比较陌生,学生见过凝结现象,但除个别学生外,一般都不明白怎样回事,学生对蒸发现象的理解、掌握直接影响着对凝结现象的认识,所以,那里我加入复习环节,降低学生的思维难度,为后面的认知作了铺垫。强化空气中存在水蒸气这一知识点。

教师能够这样导入:同学们,前面我们一齐探究了蒸发现象、沸腾现象,谁说说什么是蒸发现象?哪些地方有蒸发现象?水在蒸发过程中会怎样?请生回答教师小结:江河湖海,动植物体,仅有有水的地方,就存在蒸发现象,自然界中的水日夜不停地吸收周围的热量,变成水蒸气,发散到了空气中,所以空气中存在很多的水蒸气。

这节课教师将和大家一齐,探究大自然中另外一种很趣味的现象,下头我们从一个小游戏开始。对着镜子哈气,会有什么现象发生?请同学们边哈气,边观察,边思考。好,此刻开始。

这就进入第二个环节——

(二)提出问题,进入新课

让学生自我动手实验,再汇报现象。

师:联系刚才哈气时看到的现象,你有什么问题?【引导学生在观察、思考中提出问题:水珠是怎样产生的呢?】

进入第三环节——

(三)学生猜想

(可能是呼出的(热)气中包含水蒸气,水蒸气遇到镜子变成了水珠。)水蒸气真的能变成水吗?我们做个实验验证一下。那里有个烧杯,倒入一些温水,盖上一个金属盘,你猜一猜,会有什么现象?

教师问:这些水珠是怎样"跑"到杯盖上去的?小组讨论一下。

启发他们推想出:杯内的水变成水蒸气飞散到杯盖上去。

小结:杯盖内的小水珠是由杯内的水蒸气变成的。【由于导入环节进行了铺垫,学生很容易猜想出小水珠是由水蒸气变成的。】

板书:水蒸气水

师:看来,镜子上的水珠就是由我们的呼出的水蒸气变的。那,水蒸气在什么条件下能变成水呢?

学生可能有许多种猜想。

(四)验证猜想

1、在验证猜想时,我加入了一个教师演示实验做了一个过渡。先认识水蒸气能够变成水,再认识转变的条件。

师:我们的猜想对不对呢?(我们想要研究水蒸气变成水的条件,我们先要制造出这种现象,利用我们的实验材料,你能制造出水蒸气并使它变成水吗?)我采用了三个烧杯,分别用同样多的热水、温水、冷水,同时盖上金属盘,观察现象,引导学生认识:水温越高,蒸发越快,水蒸气越多,越容易凝结。

2、之后探究:水蒸气在什么条件下能变成水?

学生不容易想到是小水珠在遇冷的条件下才能构成。那里我做好了两手准备:如果个别学生明白,就引导学生直接进行设计,如猜想不到,就由教师引导——这种现象什么季节容易产生?学生可能答:冬季。为什么在冬季更容易看到?引导学生猜想:冬季的气温比较低,那镜子的温度也比较低。可能是水蒸气遇到冷的物体容易变成水,遇到热的物体行不行呢?

师:如果教师给你供给材料,你能否证明水蒸气是遇到热的物体,还是遇到冷的物体能变成水吗?

3、实验验证

教师介绍实验材料有:两个同样的烧杯,大小形状相同的金属盘,试管夹、火柴、酒精灯、热水、冷水,对实验材料,我进行了新的尝试,用不锈钢金属盘代替了课本上要求的小瓷盘,这个金属盘的好处在于加热方便,安全,效果明显,缺点就是不透明。

让学生根据材料进行设计,先小组讨论一下:如何进行探究,你们打算怎样实验。然后找同学边演示,边讲解。

如果学生设计不出,教师就这样引导:要证明水蒸气遇到热的物体容易变成水,还是遇到冷的物体容易变成水,首先得制造水蒸气,方法是向烧杯倒入热水,(能够提问为什么用热水)。

引导学生说出:要用比较实验方法,在两个相同的烧杯内,倒入同样多的、温度相同的热水,在两个杯口同时分别盖上冷金属盘和烧热的金属盘,过一会儿,观察会发生什么现象。

【实验前讨论注意事项:怎样找到热的杯盖?加热时应注意安全,如用钳子夹着小盘。教师对学生回答进行梳理,出示在ppt上】

教师:实验中哪些条件相同?哪些条件不一样?

学生思考讨论:烧杯、水多少、水的温度同、金属盘相同、盖金属盘的时间相同。有一个条件不相同:一个金属盘的冷热程度。

学生分组实验,汇报实验结果。

师:同学们要明白,在科学研究中做一次实验是不够的,科学的结果不是偶然的,科学的结论必须经得起反复再反复的检验!所以采用多个小组实验的方法。小结:如果在两个实验中看到了不一样的现象,这两个实验的其他条件完全相同,

仅有一个条件不一样,那么这个不一样的条件可能就是发生不一样现象的原因。根据这个道理,你认为小水珠是在什么条件下构成的?

学生:小水珠是在水蒸气受冷的条件下构成的。

教师:水蒸气遇冷能够变成水,这种现象叫做凝结。(板书课题:凝结)我们能够用箭头和简单文字来表示这种变化。

板书:水蒸气--受冷-→水

在比较实验的设计上,学生必须要有良好的基础,即比较实验的特点,要求要清晰,明确。在讲授比较实验时,我先利用实例进行分析讲解,(如研究怎样加快蒸发的时候,我们用了什么方法?比较实验!一个盘加热另一个不加热,比较蒸发快慢。)然后让学生自行设计,进行知识迁移。

五年级的学生虽然有了必须的逻辑思维本事,但思维的严密性不够,不能简单汇报一下就直接进入实验,否则学生在实验过程中会出现随意性强、对变量的控制不到位、甚至不知所措的情景发生。所以我在学生的汇报之后,会进行实验方法的梳理,引导学生有计划、有步骤地去实验。并提示学生实验注意事项。

(五)得出结论

对于比较实验中条件的控制,实验条件的分析记录,我放在了实验后,作为分析实验进行出示,加深学生对比较实验方法的认识。巩固比较实验的方法。学生得出结论:小水珠是在水蒸气受冷的条件下构成的。

出示凝结的概念,并指导学生用简单的文字和符号表示。

(六)生活中的凝结

教师:生活中有哪些凝结现象

学生举例:初冬早晨在门窗的玻璃上看到的水珠,浴池天花板、玻璃上的水珠,戴眼镜的同学从室外一进入室内,眼睛上长一层白雾,早晨草叶上的水珠等等。师:请小组讨论,尝试解释以上现象。

【让学生尝试利用所学知识进行解释。加深对凝结的认识。】

师:教师有个问题,戴眼镜的同学可能深有体会:在室外眼镜明亮清晰,可一进入温暖的室内眼镜片就会长"白雾",那是不是水蒸气遇热变水珠?【激发学生日常概念与科学概念的冲突。同时让学生体会到事物的变化是有规律的,生活中一些不起眼的现象包含趣味的科学道理,培养科学兴趣、质疑探究精神。】

(七)拓展应用

思考:冬季汽车玻璃内壁上常结有小水珠,影响司机叔叔的视线,想办法防止它的出现。【让学生学以致用,引导学生从控制凝结产生的条件入手去思考。】

凝结

凝结:水蒸气--受冷-→水

五年级自身身体变化,声光电现象,天气变化现象,昼夜变化现象,日月星空现象,科学技术对生活的影响等是学生新的关注和体验对象,这些方面的生活经验是五年级教材的"切入点"和"生长基".教材以人的身体器官,动植物的身体器官,声、光的产生与传播,电的产生与安全应用,风、雨的构成,昼夜成因、月相成因等为主要资料展开科学探究活动。使学生认识自然事物和现象的变化规律和变化原因;进行问题、假设、计划、模拟实验、制作等探究活动;培养"能参与中长期科学探究活动,珍爱生命,认识到科学是不断发展的"等情感态度与价值观。

人教版小学科学说课稿篇十

首先在三年级一个班进行调查,这些内容是学生没有学过的,通过5道结构

性很强的题目了解学生已有的知识储备和思维水平。其次同样的5道题目在四年级进行调查,这些内容学生以前学过,了解知识运用和发展的难点。最后从一个班抽取思维水平和知识储备层次不同的学生进行访谈,通过访谈,了解学生在固体沉浮规律问题上所表现出来的不同的思维轨迹,有利于在教学中照顾差异。

通过调查确定了探究固体沉浮规律是本单元的教学难点,我认为有必要在初步感知固体沉浮现象的基础上搭一个弹性跳板---指导学生体验改变固体的沉浮,有了这个体验之后,就能有效突破教学难点。

《固体和液体》单元是根据课程内容标准中“物质世界”里的“物体与物质”的相应条文编写而成。

根据自己的教学经验,我把本单元教材做了处理,共分两大体系。体系1中包括《认识固体》、《把固体放到水里》、《使沉在水里的物体浮起来》;体系2中包括《认识液体》、《把液体倒进水里》。在体系1中,我将《把固体放到水里》和《使沉在水里的物体浮起来》进行融合,根据学生的生活经验和认识事物的规律,分离出3个具有结构层析的内容:

1.把固体放入水中,初步感知固体在水中的现象,体验沉浮是可以改变的。

2.引入重量和体积因素,探究改变固体沉浮的秘密。

3.尝试同液体分离。

今天我说课的内容属于第一部分,把固体放入水中,初步感知固体在水中的现象,体验沉浮是可以改变的。

知识技能:把固体放入水中,感知沉浮现象。

过程与方法:探究改变固体的沉浮。

情感态度价值观:严谨实验,体会探究的乐趣。

教学重点:感知固体在水中的沉浮现象。

教学难点:通过探究,尝试用多种方法改变物体的沉浮。

1.结构层次性

第一层次:探究材料是生活中常见的,经常拿来研究物体沉浮的材料,有小木块、鸡蛋、石头、铁钉、螺帽、玻璃球。

第二层次:探究材料也是生活中的材料,但是我们一般不拿它们来研究物体的沉浮实验,有玻璃注射器、土豆、粉笔、苹果、保险丝、蜡烛、玻璃瓶、辣椒、橘子。学生对这类材料缺乏经验,因此第二类材料的使用会给学生留下深度的思维空间。

2.结构功能性

注射器的功能不光是用来研究固体在水中的沉浮,也是打开学生思维的金钥匙。有的小组发现注射器是沉在水底,有的小组发现注射器是浮在水面上,抓住这一点让学生知道同一个物体在水中沉浮是可以改变的。

(一)、初步感知固体在水中的沉浮

1.将第一组材料放入水中,通过学生的回答知道固体在水中有沉浮现象。

2.引进第二组材料,进一步帮助学生感知固体在水中的沉浮。

●小组预测

●实验验证

●交流汇报

生成问题:注射器会怎样呢?为什么有的小组的注射器是沉在水底,而有的小组的注射器是浮在水面上呢?一石激起千层浪,抓住矛盾,生成问题,将学生思维推向一个新的高度,同时自然地完成教学的过渡。

(二)、探究改变固体在水中的沉浮

注射器在水中的沉浮是可以改变的,看来同一种物体在水中的沉浮是可以改变的。在我们刚做实验的时候还有一些材料,它们的沉浮可以改变吗?请小组讨论看看有没有办法改变它们的沉浮。

1.小组讨论怎样改变固体在水中的沉浮。

2.提出假设,交流方案。

3.小组探究,通过多种方式来实现改变固体的沉浮。

4.汇报交流。

设计意图:学生通过实验,知道沉浮是可改变的,为下一节《探究固体沉浮的秘密》做好了思维和知识上的准备。

(三)、探究引伸,引发新思考。

1.我们实现了将物体由沉到浮,由浮到沉。

2.设疑,我这有一个辣椒,它很神奇,它可以不断的实现沉浮变化。教师演示。

3.引发新思考:你能连续不断的改变同一个物体的沉浮吗?

4.课外探究

教育应该有大课堂意识,科学课更应该有大课堂意识,沉浮自如的辣椒将学生的思维推向一个新的高度,为孩子们课后探究留下独白的空间。

注重通过课堂评价组织教学,可以提高课堂教学的有序性和有效性。本节课我的评价方式有:

关于评价主体:三元互动。同伴、自己、老师。从他们中间我得到几颗星?

关于评价内容:广角三维。我知道秘密了吗?解决困难时我的意见起作用吗?你有成就感吗?

课堂评价方式:倡导人文。

这节课,我最满意的地方是。我们组值得嘉奖的是。

科学探究课要有活跃的气氛,更要有深层次的思考,动思维和静思维交相辉映,学生思维的活跃才是课堂活跃的第一特征。

全文阅读已结束,如果需要下载本文请点击

下载此文档
a.付费复制
付费获得该文章复制权限
特价:5.99元 10元
微信扫码支付
已付款请点这里
b.包月复制
付费后30天内不限量复制
特价:9.99元 10元
微信扫码支付
已付款请点这里 联系客服