总结是把一定阶段内的有关情况分析研究，做出有指导性的经验方法以及结论的书面材料，它可以使我们更有效率，不妨坐下来好好写写总结吧。怎样写总结才更能起到其作用呢？总结应该怎么写呢？那么下面我就给大家讲一讲总结怎么写才比较好，我们一起来看一看吧。
托福高分117经验总结3篇一
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment.
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest.
1. What is the main idea of the passage ?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
2. The word They in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
3. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler
than the top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
4. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
5. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
6. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
7. The word suspend in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C) hang
(D) move
8. The word fatal in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(C) natural
(D) hot
9. The word secure in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
10. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
11. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
12. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Aviculturists (line 1)
(B) gradient (line 8)
(C) incubation (line 15)
(D) embryo (line 22)
托福高分117经验总结3篇二
the first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an inspanidual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word They in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.
托福高分117经验总结3篇三
1.纠正错误理解
作为学术环境下的语言能力考试，托福不考察语法词汇，但不等于不重视语法词汇。托福考试考察你的流利度远远大于你的精准度。拿口语部分来讲，高分考生必须有非常好的流利度，这包括：少停顿和犹豫、从文章或材料中合理推断出要表达的中心和重要含义、合理有效的观点对比能力、有效的抓阅读和讲座重点信息的能力。我的方法：对于口语，在考试之前的一个月每天对着镜子练习自己的独立任务话题的熟练度，尽量减少“um，uh，you know”等填充语。
2.关于阅读
可以在考前除了多看一些托福阅读之外的材料，比如《经济学人》杂志。我不建议学生在时间不多的情况下做很多的报纸阅读、杂志和收音机听力练习，我建议学生多利用学术性材料做精读和精听，我推荐i-course，onlineuniversities和english-for-students，上边有很多优秀的资源可以做深入学习。比如english-for-students，很多学生非常困惑于习语或者名言的积累，还有重难点的单词的积累和规整方法，上面有相对全面的参考，还有对应的例文可以帮助学生有效地背诵。
下面说一下答题的方法：
所有阅读题目的答案都可以从文章中寻找到。只需要去寻找答案，或者根据问题类型(比如推断)的不同，依据文章信息做一个有逻辑的近一步总结。
我做托福阅读的固定方式是：第一步快速扫描全文，寻找到文章中心，目的或用途还有行文结构。首先必须要先理解第一段落;其次要理解每段的目的作用和分论点，理解这个段落的要旨和为什么作者要讲这个要旨;然后要看最后一段的第一行和最后一行，理解作者是如何结文的;最后，在阅读每一段的时候问自己，作者是如何展开细节的：陈述事实，罗列不同观点，还是自问自答。
第二步，先回答最简单的问题。时间是最大的问题，于是决定我们必须在做题时有的放矢，而合理的有的放矢就必须利用时间来计时做练习。中后期的阅读一定得计时，否则没有了练习的意义。
第三步，通过细分析问题寻找对应信息的答案。
第四步，排除错误答案。托福的特点是不管题目还是内容有时候会显得有点啰嗦，首先得简化题目和选项，很好的熟悉长难句的缩短法是有效缩句的办法。其次在训练的时候不要每次遇到生词就查，遇到不会的选项就蒙。可以自己先尝试根据上下文意缩短词汇概念范围，然后自己替换信息，尝试自己给自己出题并回答。
3.关于听力
在托福听力里，学生必须得熟悉大学生活中的学术类的讲座话题。我的建议是按照如下方法进行练习。
(1)总听听力全文
重点的关注点应该放在主题和逻辑两者。主题毫无疑问就是讲座或者我们听不懂的讲座片段的中心，那么逻辑可能就需要多利用讲座材料培养敏感度。练习听力时第一遍只要能够听得出大概的讲座行文顺序即可，同阅读一样，包括观点对比、时间地点转化、现象解释等等，这样可以提前对后文有个预判，对上下文信息有整体概念。
(2)拆分句子，重点精听或听写听不懂的信息
关于听写，我建议采用两种听写法，我在备考时经常使用。
第一种我称之为“细节听写法”，以“句意”为单位听写完整的句意，每句最多重复五遍，五遍以内听不出来，就不要继续无用功的往下听，然后，最重要的是，当我们觉着自己听不出来的时候要尝试将那个含糊的发音通过一定的方法记录下来，不管是不是正确的单词。对单词在句子中发音的熟悉度是建立在背单词注重听音和发音，以及做听力时注重辨音和对照两个方面。这个工作结束之后，下一步就是对照原文，找出听不出来的地方，如果是生词，摘录在自己固定的生词地方。我认为这个阶段对基础词汇不是很好的学生应该至少持续三周。
第二种我称之为“段落听写法”，就好比大家在考四六级时的听写方法。第一步，整体听，把握大意。第二步，以句意为单位，每一个句意听一次，然后尝试写下。第三步，重复第二遍，补完整句子信息。第四步，重复第一遍，整个段落的查漏补缺。对彻底利用上一种方法攻克听力中辨音环节的学生来说，就可以尝试进入第二个阶段的练习。这个阶段的听写同样三周。
不管采用什么方式的听写，目标就是精听到每一个单词为止。这是一向艰难的过程。
关于可用的材料，我推荐independent english study lab，上边有各种以学科为单位的讲座，包括原文。当然，可以下载下来随时听。还有online university和academic earth。后者是视频的，有很多视频和学科类型可以仔细练习理解听力。
4.关于口语
我只想说，口语部分得到满分真的很难，但是，得到25分以上的高分未必有多么困难。
首先，口语的独立题目一定得背诵例子。我在考试前背诵的是自己写的独立题的答案，这当中包括很多大家经常用的例子，比如电脑、旅游、志愿者等等。我想强调，第一题和第二题关键考察的一定是流利性和话题的展开与逻辑。对于内容，重视的程度显得不是很大。要让考官听到你的气场，说白了就是得“拽”。气场从何而来?卡壳的语言是产生不了气场的。所以必须要靠自己的例证积累，并且是找人修正过的比较靠谱的语法正确的信息量适中的例证。除了例子，口语独立任务的高分还需要自己的高端熟练的句式和用词。比如有人喜欢说I prefer …但是你背过一定句式，就可以说my personal preference is placed on… 固定句式在关键时刻真的可以救你一把，当你什么都说不出来的时候。
高分口语必须有三个特征，首先是大声，有自信，就像做演讲，有气场。其次是流利并且语速较快，这样才有可能让话题有很好的发展度。最后是信息完整并且信息间逻辑分明。
5.关于写作
我自己的经验比较简单，就是多背多写。写作同口语一样。是需要时间的大量练习的。正常情况下，托福的备考会用掉480小时左右。口语需要160小时，写作需要120小时左右。剩下的听力和阅读的练习各需要100小时以上。在写文章之前，按照argument的要求，按照托福作文判分者对话题发展的要求，可以先完成提纲的构建，这就会决定文章的main idea, purpose和structure。也会让我们在写作之前有一个整体的规划不会在写的过程中出现confuse的情况。托福作文不需要多么高端的语言，复杂的语法和句式结构。但想要得到高分，也最好能够让我们的观点出新，毕竟相同的语言构建能力在有创造力的回答中更容易得分是事实。
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