总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它可以促使我们思考,我想我们需要写一份总结了吧。那关于总结格式是怎样的呢?而个人总结又该怎么写呢?下面是小编整理的个人今后的总结范文,欢迎阅读分享,希望对大家有所帮助。
英语语法教学工作总结篇一
概念:一般现在时通常表示经常、反复发生的动作,或行为及现在的某种状况 结构: 肯定句:
主语 + 动词原型 + 其它/主语(第三人称单数)+ 动词(第三人称单数形式)+ 其它 例句:my father likes swimming in summer.中文:我的父亲喜欢夏天游泳。例句:the earth goes around the sun.中文:地球绕着太阳转。否定句:
主语 + don’t +动词原形 + 其它/主语(第三人称单数)+ doesn’t + 动词原型 + 其它 例句:i don’t like drinking tea.中文:我不喜欢喝茶。
例句:my mother doesn’t often read books on sundays.中文:我的妈妈不经常在周日读书。一般疑问句: do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它/dose + 主语(第三人称单数)+ 动词原形 + 其他 例句:do you like eating apple? yes, i do.中文:你喜欢吃苹果吗? 是,我喜欢。
例句:dose she like eating apple? no, she doesn’t.中文:她喜欢吃苹果吗? 不,我不喜欢。特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词 + do/dose + 主语+动词原形 + 其他 + ? 例句:where do your parents live? 中文:你的父母住哪儿? 例句:how much does it cost? 中文:它要花多少钱? 连用时间状语: always usually often sometimes seldom hardly never every day/week/month on sundays once a month, etc.练习:
(根据中文写英文)他喜欢住在乡下。
().这个单词什么意思?
().(根据英文写中文)bill usually goes to school on foot.().how often do you wash your hair?().一、语法 一般过去时
概念:一般过去时通常表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 结构: 肯定句: 主语 + 动词过去式 + 其它
例句:i went to the library to read books last night.中文:我昨天晚上去图书馆看书了。否定句:
主语 + didn’t + 动词原型 + 其它 例句:i didn’t play football last sunday.中文:上周日我没打篮球。一般疑问句: did + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它 +?
例句:did you watch tv last night? yes, i did.中文:昨天晚上你看电视了吗? 是的,我看了。特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词 + did + 主语+ 动词原形 + 其它 +? 例句:what did you do last night? 中文:你昨天晚上做什么了? 时间状语: ago yesterday the day before yesterday last week/year/night/month long long ago etc.练习
用一般过去式 造句
().().().().().().in 1989 one day
一、语法 现在完成时 概念:现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在结果或影响。结构: 肯定句:
主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 + 其它 例句:i have met him before.中文:我以前见过他。否定句:
主语 + have/has + not + 动词过去分词 + 其它 例句:i haven’t heard from her these days.中文:这些日子我没有收到她的信。一般疑问句: have/has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它 + ? 例句:have you finished your homework yet? 中文:你完成你的家庭作业了吗? 特殊疑问句:
特殊疑问词 + have/has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其它 + ? 例句:what have they done? 中文:他们做了什么? 时间状语: already、yet、just、ever、never、before、till now、since+时间点how long、so far、etc.练习: 改病句: have you ever went to shanghai?().have you gone to park already?().for+时间段、一、语法 一般将来时
概念:一般将来时通常表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。结构: 肯定句:
主语 + will/shall+ 动词原形+ 其它/主语 + be going to +其它 例句:i will meet him..中文:我将要见他。
例句:i am going to meet him..中文:我将要见他。否定句:
主语 + will not(won’t)/shall not(shan’t)+ not + 动词原型 + 其它/主语 + be +not going to +其它
例句:i won’t go shopping this afternoon.中文:我今天下午不会去购物。例句:we shan’t go to the park this sunday.中文:这周日我们不会去公园。例句:it’s not going to rain.中文:不会下雨。一般疑问句:
特殊疑问词 + will/shall+ 主语 + 动词原型+ 其它 + ?/特殊疑问词+be动词+主语+going to + 动词原形+其它+? 例句:what will they do? 中文:他们将要做什么?
例句:what are you going to do after cla? 中文:下课后你准备干嘛? 时间状语:
练习:
().there _________ a meeting tomorrow be going to going to be going to be go to be()e ________ here next ’t working ’t working ’t going to working ’t work 对应主格形式
对应宾格形式
对应be 动词
第一人称单数 第一人称单数
我 i 第二人称单数
am was are were 我 me 第二人称单数
你 you 你 you 第三人称单数 他、她、它 he、she、it is 第一人称复数 我们 we 第二人称复数
你们 you 第三人称复数 他们、她们、它们 they 现在完成时 特殊
have gone to(人去了,没回来)have been to(人去过了,已回来)一般将来时 特殊 be going to 主观判断或近期眼下就要发生的事情,事先没经过考虑 will 事先没经过考虑,将来时间则较远一些 if引导的条件句,从句用一般现在时(表示将来),主句用一般将来时,主将从现
第三人称单数 was 他、她、它 him、her、it 第一人称复数
我们 us 第二人称复数
你们 you 第三人称复数 他们、她们、它们 them be动词 一般疑问句 am is are 一般疑问句是疑问句的一种。我用am 它是指用yes(是)或no(否)你用are 来回答的句子。其结构是:系is 都用他、她、动词be/助动词/情态动词+主它
语+其他成分 be动词过去式 特殊疑问句 is was 以特殊疑问词开头,对句中某are were 一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问be动词过去分词 句。常用的疑问词有:what、been who、whose、which、when、where、how、why等。篇二:初学者英语语法总结 part 1 励志顺口溜
一、励志歌:
我有两件宝,双手和大脑,双手能劳动,大脑会思考;
我有两件宝,越用越灵巧,动手又动脑,长大能创造。
二、自信歌:
我能行
只有相信行,才会我能行; 别人说我行,努力才能行;
你在这点行,我在那点行; 今天不能行,明天准能行;
看到别人行,争取更能行; 不但自己行,帮助别人行;
相互支持行,合作才能行;这也行那也行,全面发展才真行。
三、
英语打气歌: my pledge/ oath 我的誓言 the flowers are in front of you.鲜花在你面前。learn english well, travel around the world.学好英语走遍世界。what’s your story? 你的过去怎么样? you can’t speak!you can’t understand!你不会讲!你不明白!you feel bad!you feel hopele!你感到悲伤!你感到失望!that’s crazy!cheer up!那是发傻!振作起来!it’s not the end of the world.那不是世界末日。it’s interesting to study english.学习英语很有趣。you must achieve everything by yourself.通过自己的努力你一定能完成任何事。study hard, reach the top of your life.努力学习,才能达到你人生的顶峰。the best way of studying is working hard.学习最好的方法就是勤奋。enjoy losing face,just forget about your face.不怕丢脸,忘记面子。speaking english is a piece of cake.说英语就像一块蛋糕。don’t look back.不要只看背面。the more mistakes your make, the more progre you make.犯的错误越多,取得的进步就越大。don’t give try your best.不要放弃。只需尽你最大努力。relax!don’t worry!放松!不要紧张!take it easy!学会也容易!be patient and enjoy yourself.要有耐心,体验快乐。learning english should be fun.学英语很有趣。speaking good english is not difficult.说好英语并不难。it’s worth your time and effort.它值得你耗费时间和努力。it’s an excited job.这是一项激动人心的工作。do something about it.!为之而行动吧!you have no more choice.你没有太多的机会。no more excuses!get moving.不要有太多的藉口!赶快行动。let’s get started!让我们开始吧!let’s talk in english.让我们用英语来交谈。you’d better do it now.最好从现在做起。i have every confidence in you.我对你充满信心。you can do it, believe yourself.相信自己,你一定能学好。you will be the best.而且学得最好。i want to be proud of you.我希望为你而骄傲。it’s my pleasure to help you anytime.我很乐意随时帮助你。you can count on me!don’t worry about it!你可以依靠我!不要为此而担心!i’m serious.i’ll try my best.我是认真的。我将尽我最大努力。we will make it together.我们将一起进步,共同提高。we wish you the best of luck!我们祝愿你最幸运!rely on yourself, the world will be more wonderful!相信自己,世界就会变得更精彩!part 2 学习方法顺口溜一、英语学习方法:
动词为纲滚雪球,英语时态句中有;构词方法不可忘,同类归纳要加强。
单词记忆是关键,每日一记莫拖欠;难易编组抓循环,同类归纳意相连。反义词语成对念,图示介词最直观;混淆多因形音义,习惯用语对比记。
构词方法不可忘,词不离句记得详;口脑手眼齐并用, 重点特殊用心诵。
要想英语学得棒,别怕平时出洋相;学习英语并不难, 首先过好语音关。
词为砖语法为线,能把英语大厦建;听说训练多仿效,标准口语令人羡。
自主探究多合作,课外阅读勤实践;日积月累量质变,持之以恒是关键。
二、单词记忆十方法: (1)记单词,要“五到”,眼嘴手脑齐开炮;读写背默各几遍,印象清晰记得牢。(“五到”记忆法)(2)记过单词莫靠边,几天之后再看看;似忘非忘又温习,反反复复印心间(循环记忆法)(3)单词多了别心烦,分片分组来攻占;五个一组先吃掉,几组连成一大片。(分组记忆法)(4)结合词组句子记,有情有景有意义;重点段落须背诵,理解深刻有乐趣。(理解记忆法)(5)要想单词不写错,语音一关还得过;读音规律掌握好,拼写自然少差错。(语音记忆法)(6)分类归纳便于记,同类词汇放一起;bike,plane和jeep,归到交通工具里。(归纳记忆法)(7)同义近义反义词,辨析对比来记忆,比较对照才开窍,印象深刻记得牢。(对比记忆法)(8)单词长了容易忘,卡片纸条来帮忙;mathematics不好记,纸条贴到《数学》上。(卡片记忆法)(9)构词法,要学习,前缀后缀有规律;转换常把词类变,合成本是二合一。(构词记忆法)(10)课外读物有情趣,单词复现便于记;只要坚持常阅读,一举几得大有益。(阅读记忆法)
三、记忆口决:
记忆的根本在于背诵,记忆的基础在于理解,记忆的窍门在于重复,记忆的措施在于整理,记忆的助手在于联想,记忆的动力在于应用。
四、英语应试歌:
坚定信心入考场,心里千万别多想;先把试题看一遍,缺页少题赶紧换;
快把听力试题看,题目意思心中现;此时精神要集中,同时心理要放松;
关键词语要速记,简单符号替长句;做完听力细审题,须按要求心莫急;
做题当然要认真,多方考虑要细心;做题先拣会做的,务求全对有把握;
易题做完心放宽,充满信心攻难关;做完之后细复查,漏网之鱼要擒拿;
英语选择比较多,不会千万别空着;书写一定要规范,卷面整洁才好看;
百战将军喜迎考,方寸之间展才华;按照上面所说做,相信成绩不会错。
五、完形填空方法歌:
通读全文知大意,特别注意开头句。逐题逐空细推敲,较难空格先放弃。
注意个别和整体,不要单个搞孤立。固定搭配直接选,习惯用法别忘记。
同义近义细区分,用法不同细辨异。再要注意细推理,前后一定合逻辑。
做完易题攻难关,最后检验别忘记。答案代入原句中,是否通顺看仔细。再看是否合语法,合乎语法看句意。遇到不会的生词,前后连接猜大意。
英美习俗要遵守,注意中西之差异。解题技巧要掌握,关键要靠多练习。
熟能生巧增能力,才能降低失分率。努力学习在平时,做好完形填空题。
六、听力测试歌:
略读各题,熟悉试卷;巧查细比,确定重点;神思不停,领悟关键;
千方百计,节约时间;查漏补缺,调整规范;经常训练,做题不难。
七、巧做根据句意及首字母写单词题:
审句意,理关系,推敲词义;
依常识,选短语,必符实际;
语法清,结构明,确定词形。
八、英语背诵歌:
学英语要不怕难,困难挫折莫等闲,充满信心攻难关,背诵课文是关键,很多东西要背诵,这个方法挺管用,单词短语需要背,句型课文也要会,刻苦学习七年级,信心百倍创佳绩。
九、英语作文打气顺口溜:
记得旧句子便是新文章。
(初中)英语作文不用怕,全文不过十
一、二句话。
(高中)英语作文不用怕,全文不过十
七、八句话。 part 3 字母教学顺口溜
一、巧记大、小写字母书写格次顺口溜:
大写字母占两格,上格中格不顶格。
小写字母占满格,书写注意看清格。(t,f除外)
二、小写字母书写顺口溜:
(小写字母)字母书写有规律,右倾5度不要错。
冲天辫,上两格;小尾巴,下两格;无辫无尾中间卧。i t上中一格半,j p(上)中下两格多,惟独f占三格。
(注:冲天辫:b d h k l;小尾巴:g q y;无辫无尾:a c e m n o r s u v w z)part 4 语音教学顺口溜
一、音标:
1、国际音标
国际音标四十八,个个都要记清它;元音单双二十整,辅音清浊二十八;
有气无声清辅音,有声有气浊辅音;辅音虽多也别慌,清浊成对有十双;
辅音轻读元音重,两音相读猛一碰;二中四前六后元,记住单元音是本钱;
三集中、五合口,背得双元音才准走;爆六摩十破擦六,用得辅音才算熟;
一舌侧、二半元,读准音位较困难;还知道,三鼻音,学习英语最时兴。
2、元音
单元音分中前后,依次各有二四六,双元音数也是双,正好八个不要漏。
注:中元音(2个):〔3:〕〔?〕
前元音(4个):〔i:〕〔i 〕〔e〕〔?〕 后元音(6个):〔u:〕〔?〕〔?:〕〔d〕〔?〕〔a:〕
双元音集中(3个):,〔i?〕〔e?〕〔??〕
合口(5个):〔ei〕〔ai〕〔??〕〔au〕〔? u〕
3、辅音
辅音虽多也别慌,清浊成对有十双,剩下〔h〕〔r〕〔l〕〔w〕〔j〕
还有鼻音〔m〕〔n〕〔l 〕 注:清浊成对十双:〔p〕〔b〕,〔t〕〔d〕,〔k〕〔g〕,〔f〕〔v〕,〔s〕〔z〕,〔θ〕〔e〕,〔∫〕〔?〕,〔ts〕〔dz〕,〔tr〕〔dr〕,〔?〕〔?〕。
4、二十八个辅音按发音特点归类:
一舌、二半、三鼻音、六爆、六破、十摩擦。
注: 一舌侧:〔l〕
二半元:〔w〕〔j〕
三鼻音:〔m〕〔n〕〔?〕
六个爆破音:〔p〕〔b〕〔t〕〔d〕 〔k〕〔g〕
六个破擦音:〔ts〕〔dz〕 〔tr〕〔dr〕 〔t∫〕〔?〕
十个摩擦音:〔f〕〔v〕〔s〕〔z〕〔θ〕〔e〕〔∫〕〔?〕〔h〕〔r〕
5、开、闭音节歌:
开音节、音节开,一元字母在后排,不怕一辅堵后门,还有哑e在门外。
(拍手念)a e i o u,要读/ ei / /i:/ / ai / / ? u / /ju:/。闭音节,音节闭,一元字母生闷气,辅音字母堵后门,一元字母音短急。
(拍手念)a e i o u,要读/ ? / /e/ /i/ /d/ / ? /。
二、巧记字母组合发音:
1、字母oo读音歌:
字母oo该读啥,有章可循莫害怕。t、k、d前读短/u/,词尾和l、m、n、s前长/u:/发。有几个词属例外,请你费心记住它。
持“树根”穿“长靴”“牙齿”叼“羊毛”当作吃“食物”—“面条”。room构成复合词,长/u:/缩成短/u/发。
“血”与“水灾”真特殊,oo发/ ^ /细分辨。door、floor读/ ?:/,poor读/ ?? /好可怜。
注:(1)发短音(t、k、d前):eg:foot;book,brook,cook,look,shook,took;good,understood,stood,wood(2)发长音(词尾和l、m、n、s、p前): eg:zoo,too school,cool,room,bloom,moon,soon,afternoon,choose,troop(3)发音特殊单词:树根root/r u:t/、长靴boot /b u:t /、牙齿tooth/t u: θ/、羊毛wool/w u:l/、食物 food/f u:d/、面条noodle/n u:dl/。(4)含room的复合词,非重音中要短念:claroom,bedroom,schoolroom,workroom,boyhood词中oo组合发短/u/。
2、ie和ei歌:
e-i和i-e,两者都可读作[i:]; i总要走在前,除非前面是个c。(ceiling, believe, field, receive, piece)
3、规则动词加ed的读音:
清后/t/,元、浊/d/,t、d后面读/id/。
4、一句话记清辅音浊化:
一些年轻人正沿着小径行,嘴里衔着东西去小房里沐浴。some youths are walking along the paths to have baths in the houses with something in their mouths.5、规则名词和动词三单后加s的发音:
清后/s/,元、浊/z/;
/s/ /z/ /t∫/ / d3/ /∫/ 后面读/iz/,t、d后面/ts/和/dz/,f(e)变后读/ vz/。
注:字母s在清辅音后读/s/,如maps /s/,在浊辅音、元音后读/z/,如bags /z/,在/s/ /z/ /t∫/ /d3/等后加的s或es读作/iz/ 如:boxes /iz/,oranges /iz/,f 或fe变成v后加es应读/vz/,如knives /vz/。part 5 词汇教学顺口溜
一、名词
1、巧记家庭成员顺口溜:
爷爷外公grandpa,奶奶外婆grandma,爸爸father,妈妈mother,哥哥弟弟brother,姐姐妹妹sister。
大一辈的男士,除了爸爸叫uncle, 大一辈的女士,除了妈妈叫aunt。
2、身体部位顺口溜:
(1)我们都有一张脸,脸儿face 都好看;
鼻子nose 在中间,耳朵ear挂两边;
眼睛eye眨呀眨,嘴巴mouth 会交谈。
(2)hair长在head上,mouth长在nose下,眼睛eye用来看,耳朵ear用来听;
写字要用hand,走路还要用foot。
(3)看黑板用eye,认真听用ear,勤思考用head,讲英语用mouth,拍皮球用hand,踢足球用foot,举举重用arm,跑得快用leg。
(4)neck是脖子,finger是手指,knee是膝盖,toe是脚趾。
3、我的房间顺口溜:
小朋友,到我家;拿钥匙, key , key。
打开锁, lock , lock;房子里,东西多。
大书桌,desk ,desk ; 大椅子, 。
小台灯, lamp , lamp;
大窗户, window , window。小提琴, violin , violin;玩具盒,toy box。
溜溜球, yo-yo; 小花伞,umbrella , umbrella。walkman ,随身听; vest , vest 是背心。
小朋友,你说说; 我的房间漂亮吗?
4、动物单词记忆顺口溜:
(1)zoo是名词动物园,哪些动物听我谈。篇三:新课标下的初中英语语法教学
心得体会
新课标下的初中英语语法教学心得体会通过这次关于“新课标下的初中英语语法教学”的培训,我学习到了新课程标 准中有关语法教学的目标及其倡导的新理念,认识了语法教学的重要性。本人学习到了在新课标下创新语法教学中,应该实施有效的课堂教学策略,从而提高学 生应用语法知识的能力。
新课程强调的是,语法教学是为了提高学生的实际语言运用能力服务的。新
课程标准要求改变传统的语法教学的方式 , 我们应该将语法教学与听说读写技能
技巧的训练与培养融为一体,语法教学与语篇理解和语言实际运用相互结合起 来。具体来说,就是要在交际情境中学习语法,在活动中操练语法,在趣味中记 忆语法规则。
我明白了,新课程理念下的语法教学一定要避免走极端,而是要注 意准确把握语法教学的深度和广度,坚持“优化而不淡化,重视而不死抠”的教学 原则。在今后的教学中,我要深入的领会新课标的教学改革精神 , 努力改善教法
和学法,力争使语法教学成为提高学生语言运用能力的有效手段。
新课标下的初中英语语法教学心得体会
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英语语法教学的策略
摘要 英语教学要注重在教学中方法策略的应用本文就引入, 及“四位一体”实践教学法谈了自己的经验。
关键词 教学策略 地位 方法
目前在英语教学中, 语法教学的地位已处于有史以来的最低谷。许多教师对此理解不够准确, 甚至很是偏颇, 他们认为教学的重点主要是培养学生的口语表达能力, 于是 淡化语法观念 的论调有日益高涨之势。为此在新课程改革背景下重新审视语法教学的地位, 进一步阐明语法教学的必要性, 并深入探讨语法教学改革之策略尤为重要。
一、语法在语言教学中的地位
什么叫语法?张道真教授说 语法是研究词性变化和句子结构的科学。研究词性变化的部分称为词法, 包括词的语法形式和词的搭配特点。如名词的数、格、动词的时态、语态等都属于词法的范围。研究句子结构的部分称为句法, 如句子成分、语序以及句子的种类等都属于句法范围。语言是人类交际的工具, 而语法更是指导人类使用语言交际工具的工具。无论哪种语法, 都是经过若干年人们经过语言的交际而总结出来的一种语言法规, 反过来又用于指导实践。比如: 中国人说汉语不管识字的和不识字的, 他们用以交流的语言都是符合汉语规范的。小孩生下来到会说话, 一代传一代, 自然文盲人说的话也符合语言规范了。但是对于外语, 那就不行了, 因为你不了解外语的法则, 比如我们说英语, 不了解英语语法, 你能说出地道的英语和英美人交谈吗?从这几年的中考试题看, 无论是单项选择, 还是完形填空、情景交际、单词拼写、词形变换, 乃至书面表达,无不与语法紧紧地联系在一起。对中学教师来说, 词法和句法的教学更显得重要了。
二、实施有效的教学策略
参天的大树离不开粗壮的根, 高耸人云的摩天大楼靠的是坚实的基础。写文章或发表言论好象建房子, 词汇就像建筑材料, 语法就像建筑框架和建筑技术。英语语法教学是使学生会说地道英语, 会写地道英语文章的一门很重要的技能课。教师不但“教会” 还要“会教”。1.从学生的实际要求入手
我的教学原则是: from the students 从学生而来, 取之于学生;to the students 到学生中去, 教之于学生;for the students 为学生而教,为学生而思。教师要经常深入学生当前的思想, 懂得他们需要什么,以及他们的苦衷和要追求的是什么, 是学习基础差, 还是学习不得法, 知识漏洞的多少, 是词法差还是句法乱等等。尤其是对学习后进生和优秀生的了解尤其重要, 尽管他们人数少, 但是他们将影响全班学生的学习积极性。对他们的了解得越透彻, 就越能更为有效地把knowledge 传授给学生。for the students, 这坝活动最能体现一名教师的人生观, 它将影响学生走出校门后做·个什么样的人的问题。2.从英语“四位一体”教学法“4p”课堂教学模式入手
在教学过程中pi———preparation 是一种有目的的有准备的在课前完成的学习任务。预习是一个十分重要的环节, 预习要顾及到一堂课的教学, 预习的内容应包括 语言、词汇、语法、听力、句型等等, 同时对课文中出现的新知识, 要鼓励学生敢于面对, 善于把它们与旧知识进行有机的融合, 人教版英语教材每个单元都设有要学话题的重要句型, 学生在预习后, 可以找出本单元的重点句型, 同时又可与曾经学过的相似句型进行比较或联想。p2 presentation 是主要由教师传授的正规的课堂教学, 是以教师为主导, 学生为主体来进行的。教师必须精心设计好这一阶段, 对它的效果要有预测。有教才有学, 有学才有教, 两者相辅相成。对低年级的学生, 教师要多讲,多提供刺激, 来引发学生反
应。而高年级的学生老师应少讲些, 引导学生举一反三, 培养自学能力。p3--practice 是巩固新知运用新知。这一阶段, 一般是让学生完成相应的练习题, 听、说、读、写、译五技并举, 侧重培养学生的词法句法综合运用能力, 这阶段大约占半节课时间, 以学生的亲自实践为主。p4 production 产生阶段, 主要目的是检查对这节课所学到的知识和技能的掌握情况, 及时发现错误, 改正错误, 布置下一节课的“软作业”。3.从句法“
三、四、五”入手
教师教的得法, 学生的理解能力和应变能力将会大大提高。在课堂教学中, 要让学生知道:●英语句子按结构分为三类: 即
①简单句my mother and l are teachers.(并列语段)②并列句study well, and make progre every day.(并列句子)③复合句im sure that he wont mind.(主从复合)●英语句子按用途可分为四类: 即
②疑问句。(又分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句)如: the way to can you tell me the way to the station? how long may l keep the book? are you going to do some shopping or so swimming this afternoon? im going to do some go home, shall we? ③祈使句。(分为肯定和否定祈使句)make our country more beautiful!dont take photos here! heavily it was raining yesterday!①主谓结构the man cooks.②主谓宾结构they are eating the soup.③系表结构he felt happy.④主谓双宾结构he gave me some chocolate.⑤主谓复合宾语结构we keep the table clean.教师引导学生进行适当的练习让学生观察、分析、并找出规律,知道英语句子与汉语句子的异同, 以进行理论与实践的结合, 让学生知其然又知其所以然。4.从词法“
三、四、五”入手 千差万别的英语句子可以归纳为五个基本句型, 表达丰富多彩的思想内容, 谓语动词是一切句子的中心。动词的搭配关系是一个十分复杂的问题, 也是中国学生学习英语的难点之一。因此, 应把动词作为英语教学的中心, 让学生弄清楚动词“
三、四、五”。
●谓语动词按结构来分, 可分为三类: ①动词be(i8, am, are, was, were)②there be(there is/are?, there was/were, there is/are going to be.)③行为动词(有十六种时态, 两种语态, 还有非谓语形式)●英语动词按意义来分, 又可分为四种类型: ①行为动词(又分为及物动词和不及物动词)②连系动词
③助动词(do, does, did 表示疑问、否定;be、have、has、had、will、shall 等表示时态或其他语法特征)④情态动词
动词有五种形态: 原形———第三人称单数形式———现在分词———过去式———过去分词, 用来构成各种时态、语态以及其他语法特征。5.从十大词类人手随着教学的深入
十大词类将在教材中逐步出现, 教师要让弄明白句子成分、词类和句子成分的关系以及词序问题。在教词汇时, 我常常把词放在句子里, 把句子放在有情景的上下文里教, 让学生多接触英语, 学、用结合提高词汇的出现率。在操练过程中, 融词汇、语法、课文内容、语言运用为一体。英语里大多数词都有一定的语法形式来表达语法意义, 如名词的数、格形式, 动词的谓语和非谓语形式, 形容词, 副词的比较等级, ??都属于语法形式, 词的语法形式和语法意义是互相联系的, 词的语法形式既属于语法教学又属于词汇教学。教师在授课时一定要让学生弄清楚语法形式。词的搭配特点主要指名词、代词、动词、形容词、介词和连词在结构上的特点, 具体地说, 在名词, 代词以及由它们组成的短语方面, 要指明它们在数上与谓语动词的一致关系。总之, 对中国学生来说, 学一些基本语法法则, 至少有下列几大好处:①可以使他们学英语学得快些, 因为他们有前人总结的法则,不从头摸索。②可以使他们学得透些, 因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然, 而且可以知其所以然。③可以使他们学得准些, 因为语法法则就是一条准绳, 可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。④语法不但可以引他们入门, 更可以引他们人胜, 使他们逐渐眼界开阔, 语感加深, 从而使他们的英语水平不断提高。傅大明教授说过, 我们教语法是为了不用教语法。学生们不是要成为语法专家, 而是要把语法作为语言工具, 有了这种工具, 学习起来才能事半功倍, 才不至于give you some colour see see.(给你点颜色看看)good good study, day day up.(好好学习, 天天向上)汉语式英语满天飞, 因此, 在中国国情制约下的英语教学是离不开语法教学的。“淡化”语法教学的倡导者不敢用改革教学方法的途径来解决现实矛盾, 这势必阻碍学生对语言的深层学习和理解。在英语教学中教师应将语法教学与阅读、听力、口语和写作等技能训练融合起来, 让语法内容自然地渗透其中, 使结构与功能相互依存。在语法教学中要坚持“循序渐进, 阶段侧重, 精讲精练, 五技并举”的教学原则 参考文献: [1]钟启泉.外语教育展望ccj.上海:华东师范大学,2001 [2]黄和斌.外语教学理论与实践[c7.南京:译林出版社,2001.[3]赵文辉.英语语音教学新探cjj.外语电化教学,2002(2).[4]李程.歌词的英汉翻译cjj.中国翻译,2002, 23(2).[5] linda campbell, bruce campbell, dee ng and learning through multiple intelligence(多元智能教与学的策略)[m].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001.[6]胡新宇。音乐电视段片mtv与外语视听教学[j].外语电化教学,2002(2).篇五:2014(下)英语教学工作总结
九年级英语教学工作总结
(2013-2014学年度第二学期)
本学期,我继续任九年级(4)班的英语教学工作,时间飞逝,转眼间一学期的教学工作已接近尾声,为了更好地做好今后的工作,总结经验、吸取教训,现就这学期的工作小结如下:
一、扎实复习
结束新课后,我很快转入了复习阶段。第一轮复习立足于课本,逐册按单元复习单词、短语以及重点句型,要求学生记忆、背诵,并通过简单的练习题检查学生复习的效果。
第二轮是语法专项练习。从词法到句法,再到交际用语,我还加入了自己的思路和意见,系统地给学生讲解了英语语法,并进行了大量的练习。比如名词复习,从名词的分类、可数名词与不可数名词、可数名词的单复数、名词所有格、双重所有格等方面,一点点地使学生从理论上对他有所认识和了解,然后通过相应的练习加以巩固。
第三轮是中考题的专项练习。讲解了各类题型的解题技巧和应对策略,并通过练习题及时巩固,最后我们做了八份模拟试卷。通过一轮又一轮的复习,学生的解题能力有了较大提高,尤其是听力水平提高显著。
二、悉心辅导
每次模拟考试和作文训练之后,我都尽可能多地叫一些学生,当面改正他们习题中的错误,以发现他们是否真正掌握语言点,他们对错题是不是真正弄明白了;并且及时对进步的学生予以赞赏和肯定,对退步的学生提出警告和善意的批评。学生能感受到老师的诚心和忠告,以及老师对自己的重视,会加倍努力学习。
三、充分准备
为了提高复习效果,我做了许多,具体做法如下:
1、备课 根据学校的要求和教学的实际提前备课,写好教案。备课时认真钻研教材、教参,学习好大纲,虚心向同科老师学习、请教,力求吃透教材,找准重点、难点。为了上好一节课,我上网查找资料,集中别人的优点,确定自己的教学思路。为了让学生能更直观地理解所学的知识内容,我还积极创造语言环境,制作教学课件,以提高学生的学习效果。
2、上课 上好课的前提是做好课前准备,不打无准备之仗。上课时认真讲课,力求抓住重点,突破难点,精讲精练。运用多种教学方法,从学生的实际出发,注意调动学生的学习积极性和创造性思维,使学生有举一反三的能力。培养学困生的学习兴趣,有难度的问题找优等生;一般问题找中等生;简单些的找学困生回答。桌间巡视时,注意对学困生进行面对面的辅导,课后及时做课后记,找出不足。
3、检查 我利用课余时间对学生进行检查,尤其是单词的检查。我知道如果不及时有效地检查,许多学生就会偷懒不认真听讲,课堂效率就无法保障。因此常常进行抽查,学生担心被罚,因此在课堂上基本能认真听讲。
4、作业 根据减负的要求,我把每天的作业经过精心挑选,适当地布置一些有利于学生能力发展的、发挥主动性和创造性的作业。
5、鼓励 教育学生不比成绩比努力,鼓励学生自己和自己比,过去的自己和现在的自己比。给每个学生制定学习目标,鼓励他们一次一次地超越自己。在学生的作业本上或留言册上,用英语写一些话激励他们,这样做虽然麻烦点,但是效果还是比较明显的。物质奖励和语言激励使学生提高了学习信心,英语成绩有了一定进步。
6、提高 要给学生一杯水,老师得有一桶水。因此,老师就得不断地学习、充电。我在教学之余,除了积极参加学校的业务培训和各类教研活动外,还挤出时间自我学习,以提高自身的专业水平,力争达到现在的教育教学要求。工作中,由于各种原因也不可避免地存在一些失误。比如:对学生的检查督促不到位,致使许多不自觉的学生觉得有空可钻,记忆单词、句子不积极,不主动,对待作业不认真等,致使部分学困生在英语方面不但没有进步,反而有了倒退的趋势。
学期业已结束,总结过去是为了将来更好地工作。以后我将一如既往,勤奋工作,努力学习,不断提高自己的业务水平和工作能力。
英语语法教学工作总结篇二
小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 1
一、名词:
1、专有名词:(1)人名 (2)街道和建筑(3)星期月份节日(3)国家城市(4)大洲大洋江湖
2、普通名词:(1)直接加s(2)以s x ch sh结尾的+es(3)以 y结尾的把y 改成 i+es(4)o结尾的+es特
殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes(5)f、fe结尾的改 f、fe为 v+es ,⑹oo 结尾+szoo-zoos⑺ woman→women,child-children⑻ 单数复数形式相同
3、可数名词:
4、不可数名词:⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一类事物不可数名词做主语,谓语动词用单数⑷两
类以上不可数名词做主语,谓语用复数⑸ a cup of tea
5、名词的所有格:⑴单数名词词尾+’s⑵词尾不是s的复数名词词尾+’s⑶词尾是s的复数名词词尾+’⑷店铺教
堂某人的家时,所有格’s后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词⑸分别+’s,最后一个人名+’s⑹ of用在没有生命上,’s用在有生命上
二、冠词:
6、不定冠词 a an
7、定冠词 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上独一无二的事物⑷形容词前⑸序数词,形容词最高级⑹由普通名词构成的专有名词前⑺乐器⑻姓氏的复数名词前:一家人⑼ only very same前
8、不用定冠词的情况:⑴国家地名人名⑵复数名词⑶季节月份星期⑷三餐球类娱乐运动
三、代词
9、人称代词
10、物主代词⑴形容性物主代词my his her our their ⑵名词性物主代词mine his ours them
11、反身代词myself
12、指示代词thisthesethatthose
13、疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat
14、不定代词⑴some,any,no修饰可数名词,不可数名词。some肯定句any否定和疑问 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶-body,-one,-ody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,nothing.四、形容词
15形容词种类和位置
16形容词比较等级及构成:⑴以e结尾+er,+est.⑵以y结尾→ier→iest⑶重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写词尾+er,+est.⑷两个或两个以上音节的词前+more+most.17形容词比较等级的用法:⑴两者比较:s+形容词原形+as⑵两者比较:容词比较级+than⑶三个比较:the+最高级+
范围
五、副词
18副词种类和位置
19副词比较等级及构成 badly-worse-worst,much-more-must
20副词比较等级的用途
六、数词
21基数词:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百万)one million 1000000000
(十亿)one billion
22序数词
23时刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five
⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven
⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forth-five 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日june 2nd,2009或2nd of june ,2009英语里面:月 日 年
⑵1995年 nineteenninety-five
1826年eigteen oh six
⑶5月8日写may 8th读may the eighth或may eight
小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 2
⑷9月1日写september 21(st)读september the twenty-firstseptember 或 twenty-one
25数词其他几种用法⑴1/3 one third2/5 two fifths
⑵21.6 twenty-one point six0.008 zero point zero zero eigth
⑶5%five percent0.8%zero point eight percent
⑷一倍once两倍twice六倍six times
⑸第503房间room 50315美元15dollors=$1英镑1pound=£
七、介词
26时间介词:at, on ,in, before, after, from, during
27方位介词:on ,in, over, under, behind ,infront of,near,among
28其他一些常见介词用法:by,in,for,of,about,like,with
八、连词和感叹词
29连词:and, but, or, becausealthough/though,both……and,not only……but also,neither……nor既不……也不
(并列)either……or或者.....或者(选择)
30感叹词
九、动词
31动词种类⒈及物动词直接接宾语。
2不及物动词不直接接宾语。
3助动词:do , does,did.4.系动词be,(am,is,are)look(看起来)smell(闻起来)get(变得)become(成为)seem(似乎)turn
(变成)
5情态动词:can,may,must,will,shall,should,need
32动词基本形式
十、动词时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去
完成时、过去将来时共8个时态)
33一般现在时:⑴含有be动词(am is are)⑵不含有be动词动词用三单、疑问句do、does,否定句don’t、doesn’t 34一般过去时:⑴含有be动词(was were)⑵不含有be动词动词变为过去式,疑问句did否定句didn’t+yesterday… 35一般将来时:⑴主语+be(am is are)going to do⑵主语+will+动词原形 ⑶主语+shall+动词原形+tomorrow过去将来时:⑴主语+(was were)+动词原形⑵主语+would+动词原形
36现在进行时:⑴主语+be(am is are)+ 动词ing
37过去进行时:⑴主语+be(werewas)+ 动词ing
38现在完成时:主语+havehas+动词过去分词 since,过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词
十一、陈述句
39陈述句的分类
十二、疑问句
40一般疑问句
41特殊疑问句:what,whose,who,which,when,where ,why,how(tall, old, long, many, much)
42选择疑问句,反义疑问句
十三、祈使句
十四、感叹句
1.what+a +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语
2.how+形容词+主语+谓语
3.how+ 副词+主语+谓语
十五、there be :there is,there are
英语语法教学工作总结篇三
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http:///test/?tid=16-73675-0 大学英语语法总结
一.四六级中虚拟语气用法的总结 虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达:
a.非真实的情景,不可能发生的事,即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况,或说话人主观愿望。
b.与客观事实相反地情景,即强制性虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上,表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
c.虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的,其特点是主从句时态的不一致,而且一般有明显得标志。
虚拟语气的考点为:would rather+that从句+一般过去时:it is vital/ neceary/ important/ urgent/ imperative/ desirable/ advisable/ natural/ eential+that+动词原形;it is time/abouttime/hightime+that+一般过去时:proposal/suggestion+that+动词原形;lest+that+should+动词原形;if only+that+would+动词原形。
if 句型(共有三种句型)非真实条件句
1.与现在的事实相反:
从句用一般过去时,主句的谓语用would(could, might)+动词原形 if i were bill gates, i would not work so hard every day.2.与过去的事实相反:
从句用过去完成时,主句的谓语用would(could, might)+ 现在完成时
if i had gone to america when i graduated from middle school, i would have got my phd degree.3.与将来的事实相反:
从句用should(were to,did)+ 动词原形,主句的谓语用would(could, might)+动词原形
if it should/were to snow tomorrow, i would go skiing.注意:
在虚拟语气的从句中,动词be的过去时态一律用"were",不用was if i were you, i would go to look for him.如果我是你,就会去找他。if he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略,再把were, should或had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。
were they here now, they could help us.=if they were here now, they could help you come earlier, you would have met him =if you had come earlier, you would have met it rain, the crops would be saved.=were it to rain, the crops would be saved.典型例题
_____ to do the work, i should do it some other were i
b.i were i i
答案c.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 were i not to do., 而不能说 werent i to do.混合条件句
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主,从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这叫做混合条件句。例如:条件句动作发生在过去,主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。
if you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)
if it had rained last night(过去), it would be very cold today(现在).wish 句型 表达“但愿…,要是…多好”的语气
表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:
真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作
现在时
过去时
(be的过去式为 were)
从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时
过去完成时(had + 过去分词)
将来不大可能实现的愿望
将来时 would/could +
动词原形
i wish i were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。
he wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲那样的话。
i wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。wish to do表达法 wish sb / sth to do i wish to see the manager.= i want to see the manager.i wish the manager to be informed at once.(= i want the manager to be informed at once.)在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用
即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that +(should)+ 动词原形,其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括:
suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree(发布命令;下令), determine, prefer, stipulate, move(动议,规定),direct(命令),maintain(坚持),decide,ask i suggest that you(should)not be late again next time.i prefer that you(should)not do that.我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一:
以上动词转化为名词(如:suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication 等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句要求用虚拟语气,其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形”(should可省略)。例:1998年6月四级第68题
we are all for your proposal that discuion put off
put off
put off
to put off 全句意思是:我们都赞成你的建议,把讨论推迟。答案是a。
we are all for your proposal that the discuion be put demand is that all of us(should)be present at the meeting.注意二:
以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气,必须根据句子的意思来判断。what he said suggested(表明)that he did not agree with is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that +(should)+ 动词原形
这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性,即某人对某事的反应。important, natural, desirable, poible, astonishing, advisable(可取的,明智的), anxious, appropriate, compulsory(义务的;强制的;强迫的), crucial(至关紧要的), eager, eential, fitting, imperative(命令的,强制的,必要的), improper, natural, neceary, obligatory(义不容辞的,必须的), preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested
it was eential that the application forms be sent back before the is requested that a vote be taken.有人提请投票表决。
it is neceary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.注意:
表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable,incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略,而且翻译为“竟然”,表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。it is surprising that they should pa the time like is incredible that jane should have finished her paper so is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost chil rather…,would sooner…,had rather…,would just as soon…,would prefer… 意为“宁可,但愿”
从句用虚拟语气,若表示现在或将来的事情,谓语用过去时;若表示过去的动作,用过去完成时。
i would rather that you painted the room green.i’d just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.在lest that …,for fear that…,in case that … 表示“唯恐,以免”
引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气,从句用 should +动词原形。he put his coat over the child for fear(lest)that he should catch emphasized it again and again lest she(should) a hat with you in case the sun is very hot(注意:该句陈述某一事实)含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句,而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如:without, but for, otherwise,or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for等等。
without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work on for the english examination i would have gone to the concert last night.i wouldnt have succeeded without your didn’t know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用
it’s(about/high/ good)time that…,表示“该是。。的时候了”,含有 “晚一点” 的意思,表示建议现在应该做什么事,从句一般用一般过去时。例:1995年6月四级第43题
its already 5 oclock you think its about time _____ ?
are going home
she leaves
went home
she had left
现在已经十六点钟了,难道你不认为该回家了吗?(答案是c)
it’s time you went to ’s high time that we took action.虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用
虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)
(一)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:
① he felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。
② he acts as if he were / was a tv expert.他做起事来好象是个电视专家。
(二)表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。
例:1992年四级试题
the tree looked as if it ______ for a long watered
water
bee watered
watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。(答案是c)
在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多用虚拟语气,(should)+ 动词原形。例如:
例:1998年1月四级第38题
the mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____
d
injure
injure 这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房,以免伤了他自己。(答案是a)
在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。
例:1993年6月四级第70题
look at the terrible situation i am in!if only i ____ your
followed
follow
followed if only 引出感叹句,意思是“要是……多好”,表示说话人的一种愿望,希望发生(事实上不可能发生)与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是:“看我现在的处境多糟糕!要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上,句中的“我”没有听从劝告,所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气,答案是b。
比较if only与only if
only if表示"只有";if only则表示"如果……就好了"。if only也可用于陈述语气。i wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了,我才会醒。if only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了,就好了。比较need "不必做"和"本不该做" didnt need to do表示: 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.neednt have done表示: 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。典型例题
there was plenty of have hurried t have hurried not hurry have hurried 答案d。neednt have done.意为"本不必",即已经做了某事,而时实际上不必要。
mustnt have done 用法不正确,对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldnt have done, "不可能已经"。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。
二.独立主格结构的用法说明与注意点
一、有关独立主格结构的基本概念
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分
词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点:
1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2.名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式 1.名词(代词)+现在分词
the question being settled, we went home.问题解决之后,我们就回家了。
we shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.明天假设天气好,我们就进行比赛。
the monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。
2.名词(代词)+过去分词
the job finished, we went home.工作结束后我们就回家了。
the last bus having gone, we had to walk home.最后一班公车已经走了,我们必须走路回家。
more time given, we should have done the job much better.如果给我们更多的时间,我们会把工作做得更好。3.名词(代词)+不定式
nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。
so many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人来帮助他,他一定会成功的。
4.名词(代词)+介词短语
the soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.士兵们端着枪冲了进来。a girl came in, book in hand.一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。
he was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。5.名词(代词)+形容词或副词
he sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排,嘴半开着。
she sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。 being +名词(代词)
there being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。there being no further busine, i declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。
being +名词(代词)
it being christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。
it being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。注:独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如: don’t sleep with the windows open.别开着窗睡觉。
he stood before his teacher with his head down.他低着头站在老师面前。he was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。she came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。he fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。
i won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.因为妈妈有病,我无法去度假。
he sat there with his eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。
all the afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。i can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。
独立主格结构的构成形式的相关练习:
1、逻辑主语+v-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者,分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作,而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如: 1.__________no bus, we had to walk being been was
2._______no bus, we had to walk there being there was was 3._______sunday, the library doesnt being being been 4.______sunday, the library doesnt it being is it is
2、逻辑主语+v-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如: 1._________, the train started. signal given the signal signal being given signal giving 2.__________, the train having given the signal the signal given the signal the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to ning new words words explained explained new words explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to new words were explained ning new words words
explaining explained new words
3、逻辑主语+形容词(副词)
该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如: 1.___________, the patient can leave the conditions ions better ions are better better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the better conditions conditions better conditions are better better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go sunday ok is ok sunday ok 4.___________, we’d like to go sunday is ok being ok ok d.a,b and c 5._________, you can wait a while. play being still on play still on c being still on the play d.a and b 6._________, so you can wait a while play is still on play being still on the play is still on play still on
4、逻辑主语+介词短语
该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。如: boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.a.a sword in hand b.a sword in his hand a sword in hand in hand boy followed the nobleman here _ a sword in his hand a sword in hand a sword being in hand d.a sword being in hand left the office, being in eyes in eyes tears in eyes tears being in eyes left the office tears being in eyes tears in her eyes tears in eyes being in eyes
二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分:
1、原因状语
该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如: 1.________ no bus, we had to walk being there was re was d.a and b 2._________sunday, the library doesnt being it is d.a and b
3.____________, i had to ask for two days’ being ill ill mother was ill d.a,b and c 4.____________, we have to work late into the night. exam near exam being near the exam is near d.a,b and c
2、时间状语
独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如:
1.__________, the train started. signal given the signal was given the signal d.a and b 2.__________, the text became easier for us to words explained new words were explained teacher explained new words above
3、条件状语
独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如: 1.___________, well go to visit the great wall.ather permitting weather permits permitting d.a and b 2._________, the patient will recover himself the treatment is in time treatment in time treatment being in time d.a,b and c
4、伴随状语
独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如: have leons every day, included including is including the above boy fell asleep, on head a cap on head c.a cap on was on head the above came home,_________ a.a dog following him b.a dog followed him followed by a dog the above
with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法 composed by chinephone lew “with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语(名词或代词)+ 非谓语动词(分词、不定式)、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词,则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点:若内部动词表示将来(无论主动还是被动),则用不定式;若内部动词表示被动且属过去,则用过去分词;若内部动词表示持续主动动作,则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分:
1、原因状语
the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the guide g have guide a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to do be done the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in work g working
2、时间状语
street looks more beautiful with all the lights on be on on our problem ________, we all felt settle be settled d settled his work______,the
secretary
began
to
walk
do be done
3、伴随状语
left the offices with tears her eyes eyes in eyes be in eyes man found the door with both his eyes be closed closed g felt uncomfortable with two ng by be standing by by standing by
murderer was brought in, with his be tied behind behind behind tied behind can’t see well the glaes on on the glaes the glaes to be on the glaes
4、后置定语 you know
the
man
______
a
book
in
his
hand? d.a and b offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her ng the above
分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别
分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语,其区别是这样的:
一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语,即主句主语是分词的动作执行者(用现在分词)或动作承受者(用过去分词或现在分词被动式)。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语:
1、原因状语
1._______late, we had to walk we were being d.a and
b 2.______ busy, they had no time to they were e they were the above
2、时间状语
1._______ the students homework, the teacher found a lot of he was correcting he corrected ting the above 2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be you are praised d praised the above
3、条件状语
1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test he is given given the above 2._______ another chance, ill do my job i have having the above
4、伴随状语
came back, _______ a bag of money on his left ng was carrying he was carrying the above came back, _______ by a he was followed ed was followed the above
二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时,这种结构内部的分词或介词
短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语,即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如: 1.______, we’ll go fishing in the ting weather r permitted ather permitting ting 2._________, he finished playing the game of eyes closing his eyes closed g his eyes his eyes 3._________, i couldn’t get the book i y closed g library library closing
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意:它们与主句之间不应有从属连词(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列连词(如and, but, or, so等)。例如:
1.____________ the teacher told the cla to go through the text
ng the answers ng the answers and checking the answers and the above 2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay being was the above _______a little sick, he remained at the g felt felling the above
四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时,一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。
1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时,该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。
1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of he was lost lost d.a and b 2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a g he was waiting he was waiting the above
2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构,只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如: soldier fell asleep _ the candle burning g the candle he was burning the candle burning the candle 2.__________, the tiananmen square looks more on being on all the lights on it turns on all the lights 3.________ the notice, he had an he was watching ng watching the above 4.________ the notice, an idea came to his he was watching ng watching the above
三. 非谓语动词
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)it is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。it took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
to do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。what i would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。to see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
to work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happine,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明
作用。
his wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
the function of louis sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。his hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
people cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid victory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected.(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./ interesting.这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
the pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
the argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
they were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏
appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿 care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉,遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profe表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起
contrive设法,图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 seek找,寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 pre迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
aist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请,summon传唤 command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认,自认 cease 停止 mention说到,讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌
advocate:提倡,主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激,欣赏 confe坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
cant help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避 cant stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想,爱好 favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘,计算 mi错过 resent怨恨
finish完成,结束不得 pardon原谅,饶恕 resist抵抗,阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟,延期 risk冒险
involve卷入,包含 practise 实行,实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受 loathe非常讨厌,厌恶 recall回想
例如:i appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算,有意要… mean doing意味着
7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)
9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如: i should like to see him tomorrow.
10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? you must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
i dont regret telling her what i thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)i regret to have to do this,but i have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)you must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
lets try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。i didnt mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。
this illne will mean(your)going to hospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
he was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。the train to arrive was from london.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
she has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
i need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。there is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如: ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动 ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求 campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望 courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因 decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。john will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一
般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do his wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
he is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。he rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
the child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。the room facing south is our claroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? he is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意: departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
5.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。he went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被
动关系。
given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
they stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)they stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)reading carefully,youll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
his family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)the boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)we are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构(1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如: when to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)i dont know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)the difficulty was how to cro the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)i can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)
注)a.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:
i have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
b.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式: while still a young boy, tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…,只能…”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式连用)。
when the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有: feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
on seeing the young child fell into the lake,eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如: let him do it.让他做吧。
i would have you know that i am ill.我想要你知道我病了。
(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如: he was seen to come.
the boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如: he was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
last night i did nothing but watch tv.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
the doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
there was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如:
i found it impoible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如:
it was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词s+动名词。例如: tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。he dislikes his wifes working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词,如:carele等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, carele, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
it is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。
its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7.非谓语动词中的有关句型(1)动名词作主语的句型
1)doing...+ g is an art.阅读是门艺术。seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)it is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing is no use crying.哭没有用。it is no good objecting.反对也没有用。it is a great fun playing football.打篮球很有趣。
it is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
3)it is + usele(nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth. it is usele speaking.光说没用。
it is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。it is good playing che after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。it is expensive running this car.开这种小车是浪费。
四. 名词性从句用法
名词性从句包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,多由连词that,wh-疑问词或由what,whatever等关系代词引导,其中同位语从句在四级考试中最常见。1.主语从句
1)主语从句在句子中充当主语,句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如: why he refused to work with you is still r comes is welcome.2)主语从句前的that不能省略,仅起连接作用,有时为了保持句子平衡,that从句后置,而由it作形式主语。如:
that he became a lawyer may have been due to his mother’s is not true that he has moved to new york.2.宾语从句在句子中充当宾语,如:
i don’t know where the sound came ’t be satisfied with what you have achieved.3.当从句放在系动词 be, look, remain, seem等后即构成表语从句。the trouble is that i have lost his seemed that the night would never end.4.同位语从句
1)同位语从句是对与之同位的名词中心词作进一步解释,能接名词性从句的常见名词有: idea, fact, news, belief, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, truth, answer, proposal, theory, decision, discovery, problem, thought, understanding 等。the news that he has paed the examination is exciting.2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于:定语从句是对先行词加以修饰、限制,而同位语从句时说明名词中心词的具体内容;that在定语从句中充当成分,为关系代词,而在同位语从句中不做任何成分,仅起连词作用。如:
the fact that we talked about is very important.(定语从句)the fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(同位语从句)r与if 在名词性从句中的用法区别
if一般只用于引导宾语从句,而 whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句。1)连词whether引导的主语从句,表语从句不能用if来替换。whether he will attend the meeting is question is whether he will come.2)宾语从句中,whether常与or not搭配,可以说whether or not,而不说if or not。i don’t care whether or not she will attend the meeting.3)whether可用在介词后,或带to不定式前,if则不可。she doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.i haven’t settled the question of whether i’ll go back home.4)某些动词后面(如discu)只能用whether,不用if。we discued whether we should go on climbing.另外补充
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样。
一.主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:
it is a pity that you didn’t go to see the doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or is in the morning that the murder took is john that broke the window.2.用it 作形式主语的结构
(1)it is +名词+从句
it is a fact that …事实是… it is an honor that…非常荣幸
it is common knowledge that…是常识
(2)it is +形容词+从句
it is natural that…很自然… it is strange that…奇怪的是…(3)it is +不及物动词+从句
it seems that…似乎… it happened that…碰巧…(4)it +过去分词+从句
it is reported that…据报道… it has been proved that…已证实… 3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)it is said ,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
it is said that president jingo will visit our school next week.(right)that president jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)(3)it happens…, it occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
it occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)that he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)
(4)it doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
it doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong) 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:
1)what you said yesterday is right.2)that she is still alive is a consolation.关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http:///test/?tid=16-73675-0
英语语法教学工作总结篇四
关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http:///test/?tid=16-73675-0 简易英语入门语法1-3级 一 语音部分:
语法(1)元音和辅音:26个字母中,a,e ,i, o ,u 叫元音,其他字母叫辅音。
音标中,发音清脆,气流不受阻碍的叫元音,发音浑浊,气流受阻碍的叫辅音。其中声带不震动的叫清辅音,如:[p][t]声带震动的叫浊辅音,如[d][g]
语法(2)连读和失去爆破:句子中,当前面单词结尾是辅音,后面单词开头是元音,要连读。
如:it is a it easy.[teik
it
i:zi:]
当一个爆破辅音和另一个辅音连读时,往往不读,即失去爆破。
at ten
that man
语法(3)辅音浊化:一个单词中,两个清辅音连读,后一个变浊辅音,叫辅音浊化。具体变法:
[p] 变[b], 如:sport,[t]变[d]如:stand,[k]变[g],如:school
二语法部分:
语法(1)名词:表示人或物名称的词,叫名词。名词分单数和复数。复数词尾加s 名词复数词尾变化规则: 1 一般在词尾加s:
house-houses, book-books, 2 以 s, x, sh, ch, o结尾,在词尾加es: bus-buses, gla-glaes, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches,potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, 特殊:radio-radios, zoo-zoos, piano-pianos, photo-photos, 3以辅音加y结尾,y变i加es: story-stories, family-families, baby-babies, 4 以f,fe结尾,把f,fe变成ves: knife-knives,wife-wives
1 5 特殊名词复数
sheep-sheep, fish-fish, man-men, child-children, mouse-mice, woman-women,练习:把下列名词变成复数,并翻译。
house,book,bus,gla,box,brush,watch,bird,bed,bag, potato,tomato,radio,zoo,piano,photo,story,family,baby,knife,wife,sheep,fish,man , child,mouse,woman ,cat,mat 读音规则:
1.元音,浊辅音后发[z],如:bags, zoos 2.清辅音后发[s], 如:maps,book 3.与t结合发[ts], 如:cats, mats 4.与d结合发[ds], 如:beds, birds
语法(2)代词:即代替名词的词。i我,we我们,you你,你们,he他,she 她,it它,they他(她,它)们 this这,that那,these这些,我自己
语法(3)动词:表示人或物动作,状态的词。be: is,am,are
实意动词:play, study, go,do, pa,语法(4)句子结构:
主+谓+宾:i like this study close our books.我喜欢这支钢笔。
他们学习英语。
我们合上书。
主+系+表:i am a is a is old.我是一个男人。
她是一个女孩。
他老了。
语法(5)谓语动词的第三人称单数形式:在主+谓+宾句子结构中,当主语是第三人称单数名词或代词时,动词词尾要加“s”, 加“s”的方法和名词复数一样。
i like english.—he likes play a ball.—xiaoming plays a ball.其他词如:watch-watches, pa—paes, do—does, go—goes,study—studies,2 主+谓+宾句子的否定和一般问句:
i don’t like you like english? yes, i ,i don’ doesn’t like es he like english? yes, he , he doesn’t.语法(6)常见句式:
主语+不及物动词
the little girl sun
is
is
the
coat
fit?
主语+及物动词+宾语
she knows left school last year.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
he told us a paed her bread.i ’ll lend you fifty dollars.主语+系动词+表语
i am a looked tired.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语
the news made us found the room empty.语法(7)物主代词的用法:表示“谁的”即物主代词。
以下物主代词必须和名词一起使用: my,our,your,his,her,its,their,以下物主代词必须单独使用:
mine,ours, yours,his,hers,--,theirs.例如:this
is
my
book
is
are our
are
ours.表示人所有用 ’s,如:ann’s father
tom’s pen 表示物所有用of,如:the name of the book书名
3 语法(8)一些简单的句子结构知识
1 肯定句:英语肯定句语序基本和中文一样。如:
i am a teacher.i study english hard.i
can swim.2 否定句:主+谓+宾结构用do not=don’t does not=doesn’t表示:如
he doesn’t study english hard.i don’t get up at six every day.主+系+表结构只需在is ,am ,are后加not即可,如:
i am not a isn’t in the claroom.3 一般问句: 主+谓+宾结构用do does在句首表示:如
does he study english hard? do you get up at six every day?
主+系+表结构只需把is ,am ,are提前到句首t即可,如:
are you a teacher?
is tom in the claroom.? 4 特殊问句: 特殊问句用特殊疑问词加一般问句,如
why are you a teacher?
when is tom in the claroom.?
what can you see in the picture? 语法(9)动名词和不定式
英语语法规定,动词不能做谓语以外的成分。如需要做其他成分,动词要做形式的变化。
如:我喜欢游泳。i like swimming.(i like to swim.)划线部分就是动词做宾语时的两种形式的变化。前者语法上叫动名词,后者语法上叫不定式。又如:
my father likes reading a book..xiao ming likes playing likes like watching likes listening to likes learning english.i like to draw pictures.i
like to
watch likes to play the piano.语法(10)现在进行时: 表示正在进行的动作要用“主语+be+动词-ing”的形式,我们把这种形
式叫现在进行时。如: the boys are playing mother is cleaning the room.i am
flying
a
kite.1)what are you doing?
i’m/we’re is he/she doing? he’s/she’s are they doing? they’re….4 2)are you… ? yes, i am.(no, i’m not.)
is he/she… ? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isn’t.)
are they… ? yes, they are.(no, they aren’t.)动词加ing的方法:
1一般直接加:playing, watching tv, 2 辅音加不发音e结尾,去e加:
dance-dancing
have lunch-having lunch 3 重读闭音节一个元音加一个辅音结尾,双写辅音加ing:
running,beginning
语法(11)人称代词的主格和宾格:人称代词有主格和宾格两种形式:
主格:i
we
you
he
she
it
they
宾格: me
us
you
him
her
it
them
主语用主格,宾语用宾格:i like them..-----they like
me.语法(12)基数词和序数词:表示人或物个数的词叫基数词。如:one(1), two(2),…
表示人或物顺序的词叫序数词。如:first(第一), second(第二), third(第三)fifth(第五), ninth(第九), twelfth(第十二), twentieth(第二十).除以上七个词,二十以内序数词只需将基数词尾加s即可。如:fourth, sixth…
语法(13)一般将来时:表示将来要进行的动作或状态用(shall,will或be going to),我们称为一般将来时。i /we shall go to the cinema this afternoon..今天下午我们将去看电影。
he will go out for a walk.他将去处散步。
shall 和will可用be going to 代替。如:i am going to look after my mother this afternoon.1)what are you going to do?
i’m/we’re going to study in is he/she going to do? he’s/she’s going to be a are they going to do?
they’re going to….2)are you going to… ? yes, i am.(no, i’m not.)
is he/she going to… ? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isn’t.)
are they going to… ? yes, they are.(no, they aren’t.)
语法(14)一般过去时:表示过去进行的动作或状态用一般过去时。
肯定句中一般用动词后缀ed的方法表示。如:
i watched tv yesterday.昨天我看电视了。
i played cards with xiaoming last sunday.上周日我和小明玩牌了。
i studied english this morning.一般过去时词尾-ed的加法:
1. 直接加-ed:
watch--
clean—2.以e结尾,加-d:
live--
phone—3.以 “辅音+y”结尾y变i加-ed:
study--
carry—4.重读闭音节结尾只有一个辅音,双写辅音加-ed: stop--
chat—
-ed的发音:
ed-[
d ]play—played
listen—listened clean—cleaned
repair—repaired ed-[
t ]watch—watched look—looked help—helped
ask-asked ed-[ id ]visit—visited wait—waited 特殊动词:
do--
am/is--
are—have/has--
come--
go--
see--
take--
句型:
what did you do last night? i watched did you get up this morning? i got up at six.6 where did you go last summer? i went to hainan with my patents.一些特殊动词的过去式:go-went, has/have-had, do-did.一般过去时否定句和疑问句用did做助动词。如: did you go to school last sunday ? i didn’t go to school last sunday.语法(15)现在完成时态
(一)现在完成时态(主语+have/has+过去分词)表示: 1.开始于过去持续到现在(也许还会持续)的动作。如:
i have studied english since have been beijing since has lived here for two years.2 未指明具体时间,表示说话前已经完成,但结果影响至今的动作。如:
he has gone to shanghai.(=he went to shanghai and he is not here now.)i have opened the window.(=i opened the window and the window is opened now.)
(二)现在完成时的构成:
主语+have/has+过去分词(一般同过去式,常用特殊过去分词见下表)is/am
was
been are
were
been
become
became
become begin
began
begun break
broke
broken bring
brought
brought buy
bought
bought come
came
came cut
cut
cut do
did
done draw
drew
drawn
7 drink
drank
drunk drive
drove
driven find
found
found get
got
got give
gave
given go
went
gone grow
grew
grown
have/has
had
had hold
held
held keep
kept
kept know
knew
known lay
laid
laid leave
left
left make
made
made read
read
read ring
rang
rung run
ran
run say
said
said see
saw
seen show
showed
shown sing
sang
sung sit
sat
sat sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken stand
stood
stood swim
swam
swum take
took
taken teach
taught
taught
8 write
wrote
written
(三)现在完成时态和过去时态的区别:
1 现在完成时态一般不和明确指出时间的状语连用。i haven’t seen
him
recently.i
saw
him
yesterday.i have
written
to him twice.i wrote to him last has come
came yesterday.i have seen him this morning.说话时在上午。i saw him this morning.说话时在下午。
语法(16)可数名词和不可数名词:可以数清个数的名词叫可数名词。如:book, bag…
不可以数清个数的名词叫不可数名词。如:rice, water,hair,skin…
问可数名词多少用how many:
how many birds can you see?你能看见多少只鸟?
how many people are there in your family? 你们家有几口人?
问不可数名词多少用how much:
how much is this sweater? 这件毛衣多少钱?
语法(17)冠词:a, an ,the叫冠词。a用在后面以辅音字母开头的单词前。如:a 用在后面以元音字母开头的单词前。如:an apple.特殊:an hour
语法(18)过去进行时:表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。用was/were+v-ing表示。
i was watching tv this time yesterday.9 语法(19)被动语态:
1 概念:被动语态是把主谓宾结构中的宾语改写做主语,相当于汉语中的‘被’字句。
改写法;原句宾语+be+过去分词+by+原句主语,例如:
adam planted 种two apple trees last year.去年 two apple trees were planted by adam last picked摘 a big red apple this morning.a big red apple was picked by adam this morning
he gave jane the big red apple later后来 the big red apple was given to jane later.2被动语态的作用:(1)突出动作承受者,即宾语,如:his great plan was stopped by his father.(2)不知道或没必要指出主语时,如:my wallet was was first invented in china.3被动语态的时态:
(1)一般现在时:is ,am, are +过去分词
the teacher is loved by her students.(2)一般过去时:was, were +过去分词 the story was told by her.(3)一般将来时:shall,will+be +过去分词 the model plane will be made by me.4被动语态的一种常用语:be made of 和be made from 译为 :……由……制成newspaper is made from paper.报纸由纸制成。(报纸是纸做的)
pepsi bottle is made of plastic.百事可乐瓶由塑料制成 语法(20)形容词和副词:
1 形容词:主要修饰名词和代词:a thin man ,a dirty coat,i am hungry.2 副词:主要修饰动词,形容词,和其它副词,:如:walk slowly,cry loudly
very hungry, too quickly, very much,3 一些形容词后加ly可构成副词:quick-quickly, happy-happily ,careful-carefully 10 语法(21)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级:用词尾加er,est 构成单音节词和双单音节词构成法
1一般直接加er ,est:cold-colder ,coldest
2 以e结尾,加r, st : large-larger, largest 3 重读闭音节一个元音加一个辅音结尾,双写辅音加er,est: big-bigger, biggest 4.以 “辅音+y”结尾y变i加er,est:
easy-easier, easiest 特殊变化:goog/well--better, bettest
many/much—more, most
bad—worse, worst 多音节词用more, most加在单词前表示: beautiful—more beautiful , most beautiful 例句: the train is longer than the is the hardest in his cla.语法(22)句子成分与词性的关系 1名词作用
做主语:
a girl stood in the middle of the bag is mine 做宾语:
please open the window.做表语:
this is an apple.做定语:
we will meet at the school gate.做宾语补语: we made him our monitor.2形容词作用
做定语:
i have an interesting book.做宾语补语:
the rain made the ground found the door open.做表语:
i am looks very healthy.做主语或宾语: the new replaces the old.语法(23)介词:
1 关于位置的:in , on, under, next to , between, in front of, behind
2 11
3 关于方法的:by(bus,train), with,…(don’t write with pencil.)
4 和不及物动词连用连接宾语:arrive at,arrive in, look at, …
语法(24)情态动词:can , could, may , might, shall, should, need, would, must
语法(25)连词和复杂句子: 1 2 3 4 5 i met him when i was croing the street this mother is worried because she hasn’t had any letter from the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.i was in the bath, so i didn’t hear the had a drink ,then he went home.关于时间的:
in
the
evening/morning,on
monday,at
six…
6 7 8 he is too young to go to has enough money to buy the are not old enough to go to school.三 功能句部分 1 打招呼/问候
1)hello/ hi!你好/ 嗨!
good morning/ morning!好的早上/ 早上!good afternoon!下午好!good evening!晚上好!2)how do you do? 你好
3)how are you? 你好吗?(i’m)fine/very well/ok, thank you./好,谢谢你。4)glad to meet/see you.(……, too.)看见你很高兴
nice to meet/see you.(……, too.)2 介绍
1)自我介绍
i’m…/my name is….我是…/我的名字是….2)介绍他人
this is mr/ mrs/ mi….这是先生/ 太太/ 小姐….3 道别
goodbye!bye-bye/ bye!
4 认人
1)whos he/she? 他/她是谁?
hes/ shes….他/ 她是….whos that?
thats /its/hes/shes….2)are you ?
yes, i am.(no, i am not.)是,我是。不,我不是
yes, we are.(no, we arent.)是,我们是。不,我们不是。
is he/she…? 他/她是…? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isnt.)5 姓名
whats your name? my name is….whats his/her name? his/her name is….姓名是一种符号,它是社会上人们相互区别的标志。但人们在取名时却赋予了它某种特殊的含义,希望它体现某种精神或象征某种事物,能给自己带来好运等。那么,你知道下面这些英美姓名的含义吗?
english chinese meaning
alice 艾丽斯 真理
ann 安 高雅
grace 格雷斯 优美、雅致
jane 简 明亮的火焰
jone 琼 年青
linda 琳达 美丽
lucy 露茜 光明
mary 玛丽 辛劳
mona 莫娜 和平使者
read 里德 读书
13 smith 史密斯 铁匠
white 怀特 白色
blue 布鲁 蓝色
clark 克拉克 聪明
david 大卫 可爱
frank 弗兰克 自由
jim 吉姆 取代者
john 约翰 神的恩典
mark 马克 战神之子
peter 彼得 石头
victor 维克托 征服者
jack 杰克 刚强
black 布莱克 黑色
brown 布朗 棕色
green 格林 绿色
red 雷德 红色 6 年龄
how old are you? 你多大了? im….how old is he/she? hes/shes….14 7 认物
1)whats this/that? 这/那是什么? its a book./an are these/those? 这些/那些是什么?
theyre….2)is this/that/it…? yes, it is.(no, it isnt.)
are these/those/they…? yes, they are.(no, they arent.)8 祝贺
happy new year(to you)!新年快乐
thank you.(and)you too.谢谢你 merry christmas(to you)!圣诞快乐
same to birthday(to you)!生日快乐 thank you(very much).thanks(a lot).happy mothers/ fathers/ childrens/ womens/ teachers day(to you)!
9、感谢
thank you(very much).非常谢谢你thats all right.没关系 thanks(a lot).非常感谢
thats ok.没关系
10、位置
where is it? its(in front of the car).它在哪儿?
它(在汽车前面)。where is he/she? hes/shes(over there).他/她在哪儿?
他的(那里)where are they? theyre(in the office.)他们在哪儿?
他们是(在办公室里。
11、来自(某地)
1)where are you from? 你从哪里来?
im/were from is he/she from? 他/她从哪里来?
hes/shes from are they from? theyre from….2)are you from… ? yes, i am.(no, im not.)
is he/she from… ? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isnt.)
are they from… ? yes, they are.(no, they arent.)
12、数量
how many ducks are there? there are is your telephone number? its….你的电话号码是什么?
它是….15
13、时间(钟点)
1)what time is it?
its two/three oclock.现在几点了?
它2/3点钟。
whats the time?
its time for sports/school/breakfast运动/学校/ time to go home/to go to bed/to watch tv.看电视。
14、拥有
1)have you got a pen? 你有…?yes, i have.是,我有。(no/sorry, i havent.)(不/抱歉,我没有。)
has he/she got…? yes, he/she has.(no, he/she hasnt.)
15、颜色
what co lour is it?
its(blue).它是什么颜色?
它(蓝色)。
16、喜好
do you like to ride a bike? yes, i , i he/she like reading books? yes, he/she , he/she do you like(best)? i like …(best).17、购物
how much is it?
its(5 yuan).它是多少钱?
它(5元)how much are they? theyre(10 yuan).他们是多少钱?
他们是(10元)。
18、外观
what is it like?
its(beautiful.)它什麽样?
很漂亮。what co lour(s)are they? theyre brown棕色.19、某人正在做某事
1)what are you doing?
im/were….你正在做什么? what is he/she doing? hes/shes….what are they doing? theyre….他们正在做什么?
2)are you… ? yes, i am.(no, im not.)
is he/she… ? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isnt.)
are they… ? yes, they are.(no, they arent.)
20、所属
1)whose(…)is this/that/it? its(mine/hers/his).2)is this/that/it(yours)? yes, it is.(no, it isnt.)
21、能力
1)what can you/he/she do? i/he/she can…是,我/ 我们能。(没有,我/我们不能。.2)can you…?
yes, i/ we can.(no, i/we cant.)
can he/she…?
yes, he/she can.(no, he/she cant.)
22、星期
1)what day is today? its(saturday).what day is it today?
what day is tomorrow?
23、天气
whats the weather like today? its hot/ warm/ cold/ cool/ fine/ nice/ sunny/ windy/ cloudy/ the weather like in(spring)? whats the weather like in(beijing)?
24、职业
1)what do you do? im a teacher./were do they do? they are….what does he/she do? he/she is….2)are you(a doctor)? yes, i am.(no, i am not.)
is he/she(a teacher)? yes, he/she is.(/she isnt.)
are they(workers)? yes, they are.(no, they arent.)
25、某人将要做某事
1)what are you going to do?
im/were going to listen to is he/she going to do? hes/shes going to….what are they going to do?
theyre going to….2)are you going to… ? yes, i am.(no, im not.)
is he/she going to… ? yes, he/she is.(no, he/she isnt.)
are they going to… ? yes, they are.(no, they arent.)
26、工作地点
where do you/they work? i/we/they work in a hospital.你/他们在哪儿工作?
我/我们/他们工作….where does he/she work? he/she works….27、所属
1)whose photos are these/those/they? theyre(ours/theirs).2)are these/those/they(ours)?
yes, they are.(no, they arent)
28、意愿
1)what do you want?
i want a hamburger.你想要什么?
我想要….what would you like? id like some orange juice.2)what do you want to do? i want to read a book..what would you like to do? id like to play football with my friends.3)what are you going to do? im going to ….what is he going to do? hes going to ….29、请求
can/could you come to the teacher’s office now? yes./of course./ /would you please…? `im afraid/ sorry i (do)….30、日期(点钟、周、日、年的表达)whats the date today? its(march 8th).32、劝告
youd better(do)….你最好(做)….you should look after yourself.你应该照顾好自己.18
33、禁止 dont do that.34、求助
can/could you help me? yes./ /could you pa/lend/give me…?
35、问路和指路 how can i get to…?
could/can you tell me the way to…? excuse is…?
go down/alone this road/ left/right at the(first)croing.36、看病
1)whats wrong with you? ive got a headache/ the flu/ a bad cold/ a high fever/ a cough/ a toothache/ a stomachache….37、邀请
1)would you like to…? certainly./with pleasure./ you join us? yes, id love to./id like you come?
sorry, i cant./im afraid i love to, but….38、建议
lets ….all right./ok./great./ shall we…?
thats a good /how about…?
sorry, i cant./im afraid i cant
39、某人做过某事
1)what did you/he/she/they do yesterday?
i/we/he/she/they stayed in bed because i/we/he/she/they was ill.2)did you/he/she/they… ? yes, i /we/he/she/they did.(no, i /we/he/she/they didnt.)40某处有某物 there is a there a recorder?-yes, there , there there…..? 四 常见话题: 1 family how many people are there in your family? who is the oldest one in your family? who does the cooking in the family? who is the last one to come home? who is the first one to leave home?
2likes do you like to watch tv? do you like a big tv or a small tv? whats your mothers favorite’s food? who likes to play football in your cla? does your english teacher like singing? 3 sports whats your favorite’s game? do you often play table tennis?
who often plays with you? do you play table tennis in the morning or in the afternoon?
where do you play ping pong? 4 numbers 1)what is five plus five? 2)20 do you like
to
work
with
numbers?
3)can you count from number 1 to number 30? 4)can you say the following numbers? 57, 39, 40,12 5)who is the best pupil in your moths cla? 5 people 1)do you have many friends? 2)does your g randpa live with you? 3)are there many people in your family? 4)who is the tallest one in your fami1y? 5)who is the shortest one in your family? 6 school 1)do you like to go to school? 2)what is the name of your school? 3)is your school far from your home? 4)is your school very big or small? how many claes are there in your grade? 7 weather
l)whats the weather like today? 2)do you like rainy days? 3)what do you do when the weather is very hot? 4)can you play thotball in the rain? 5)do you like to make a snowman on a snowy day? 8 animals l)do you llke snakes? 2)whats your favourite animal? 3)whats monkeys favourite food? 4)have you got a cat at home? 5)do you like to go to the zoo on sundays?
21 9 maths do you like to learn maths? who is your maths teacher? who is the best pupil with mathsin your cla?
how many is 28 and 43? can you say the numbers from 10 to 1? 10 food 1)do you like to eat pizza? 2)whats your favourite food? 3)do you often eat ice cream? 4)dr, you like fish or eggs? 5)who buys the food in your family? 11 friends 1)who is your best friend? 2)have you got many friends? 3)do you often play games with friends? 4)where do you often play with your friends? 5)is your best friend tall or shor? 12 place do you live in beijing or nanjing?
have you ever been to shanghai? do you know where taiwan is? where is the hottest place in china? where is the coldest place in china? 13 birthday
1)when is your birlhday?
2)what do you do on your birthday-?
3)22
4)do you know your mothers birthday?
5)can you sing "happy birthday song"? 14 home where is your home? 2)is your house big or small? 3)how many bedrooms have you got? 4)is your home far from our school? do you get
some
birthday
presents
every
year?
5)do you like your home? 15 ball games 1)can you say some names of the ball games? 2)which ball game do you like best? 3)do you often play it at home or at school? 4)do you want to learn a new ball game? 5)do you often have matches? 16 names do you know many english names? say some english girls some english boys you got an english name? whats your english name?
五 主题、概念、见解常用词举例
动物 :
butterfly, camel, dinosaur, insect, octopus, swan
衣服
:
belt, glove, pocket, shorts, tights, uniform 家庭成员,朋友 :
:david, husband, wife, m 传说、幻想、愿望
filature, planet, secret, space, strange, wish 食物和烹饪
:
biscuit, chopsticks, flour, pepper, snack 健康 :
doctor, chemists, ill, medicine, nurse)
23 居室 :
addre, shelf, telephone, toilet 职业、工作 :
: , busineman, engineer, journalist, mcdmuic 地点:
airport, bookshop, cafe, circus, corner, club, , museum, post office, restaurant, right, station, theatre, way 学校、科目:
college, competition, dictionary, geography 体育、假日:
diary, drum, golf ,d, race, rucksack, sledge, snowball,suitcase, tent, torch,volleyball 交通::ambulance, taxi, traffic)天气, 环境:fog, foggy, ice, sky, storm, wind,air, bridge, nment
身高外貌: shes 142 centimeter tall.)穿着,样式:that girl is wearing a white blouse 材质:the suit is made of wool.)义务:you must sweep the floor before you go out.建议: shall i carry your bag? 一些常见省略形式:
we /you /they are = we re /you re /they re it is=it isn’t
shall/will=ll
do not=don t
have not=haven t could not=couldn’t
shall not=shan t
does riot=doesnt has not=hashn t
woukt like= d
are not =aren’tt will not=wont did not=didn can not=can’t let us=let s
六 必须特别熟练掌握的句子:
i
summer is my favorite time.2 my birthdays in november.3
what time is it? 4 how tall are you? 5 how long does it? 6 how far is it? 7
what is it called? 8
whats your house like? 9
what was the weather like? 10 i was walking down the road when i saw her.24 11
have you ever been to the circus? 12 im going to visit my aunt tomorrow 13 what will you do when you leave school? 14 she might come.15 shall we go to the park? 16 you should wear a coat.17 its made of plastic.18 it looks like a horse.19 hes too tired to do any work.20 he’s not old enough to ski.21 i didnt want to walk home so 1 went on the bus.22 i went to the bank and then i went to the swimming pool.23 if its sunny, we will go swimming.24 excuse me, how can i get to the station? 25 hes coming to my party, isnt he? 26 i started playing football when i was six
.关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里
http:///test/?tid=16-73675-0
英语语法教学工作总结篇五
如何进行初中英语语法教学
目前,很多中学英语教师感到语法教学很棘手,学生也感到很头疼,如何在课堂上让教师轻松地教语法、学生愉快地掌握语法呢?我认为在教学中应注意以下几点:
一、在语境中进行语法教学
人们的交际活动总是在一定的情景中进行的,这是因为人们表达思想和吸收信息的需要是由特定的言语情景激起的。因此,学习和使用英语词汇、句型结构、语法规则和话语进行对话等交际活动都要依赖特定的言语情景。教师如果让学生机械地在单句中操练某个语法点,学生是达不到在特定的情景中灵活运用语言形式来实现交际的目的的。例如,例如在教学现在进行时时,教师可创设情境,问班里的一个学生正在干什么?what’s he doing?这样,既让学生明白现在进行时的意义,又吸引了学生的注意力,提高了学生的学习积极性。
二、运用归纳和演绎法进行语法教学
归纳的方法教学就是让学生先接触语言材料,通过给学生输入大量真实的语言实例,使学生对所学语言形成一定的感性认识,并进行思维加工,从中归纳出语法规则。这一过程能够培养学生的记忆、思维和综合能力。演绎的方法是对学生较难理解的语法教学内容,可以采用先给学生呈现语法规则,再适当举例或让学生举例的教学方法。在教学现在完成进行时时,我先给学生呈现以下句子:
i have been teaching for seven have been studying english for five has been playing basketball for three years.在让学生充分感知语言的基础上,让他们自己发现规律,对现在进行时进行总结归纳,掌握现在进行时的构成:have/has been +doing.然后让学生自己用自己新学的时态进行操练,使学生快乐地学习枯燥的语法知识。
三、在游戏中学习语法。
寓教于乐不仅可以复习和巩固所学语言知识,而且还能提高学生学习兴趣,调动学生学习积极性。如,在教学现在进行时的语法内容时,教师可设计猜测游戏,将全班分成两组,一组做动作,另一组用句型“what is he/ she doing ? he/ she is ….”猜测动作的意思,最后公布两组得分情况。由于学生水平相当,每组学生求胜心切,所以参与意识较强,课堂气氛十分活跃。在这样的趣味性活动中,学生既掌握了语法知识,也复习了所学词汇,同时还获得极大的成就感,增强了学习的自信心。
英语语法教学工作总结篇六
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优尼全能英语:小学英语语法教学
小学英语语法教学
在学习一种外语时,如果不了解该语言的内部规则,那将影响学生准确地运用该语言进行交流。许多专家(如cameron,2001)认为,即使在小学阶段,孩子也需要一些语法知识帮助他们牢固地、正确地掌握语言。新课程标准也要求在小学阶段要进行一些简单的语法教学。作为小学英语教师,如何才能既保持孩子学习英语的热情,又让孩子掌握新课程标准所要求的”枯燥的”语法知识呢?笔者去年有幸到英国学习三个月,了解了一些外国专家提倡的语法教学方法。我认为,根据孩子的天性,在教学中要做到”以人为本”,让小学语法教学生动起来,应遵循以下三个原则。
1.implicit(隐性原则)
在语法教学方面,外国教育专家提出了两种方法:”explicit grammar teaching”(显性语法教学)和”implicit grammar teaching’’(隐性语法教学)。前者侧重在教学中直接谈论语法规则,语法教学目的直接明显;后者则在教学中避免直接谈论所学的语法规则,主要通过情景让学生体验语言,通过对语言的交际性运用归纳出语法规则。”explicit grammar teaching”需要运用抽象的思维能力,对智力还在发展的孩子采用”implicit grammar teaching”的方法更为合适。不少教师的英语课堂枯燥乏味,其中一个重要原因是在巩固所学的语法项目时,采用了过于机械的练习形式(mechanicaldrills),也可以说是采用了过多的”explicit grammar teaching”。例如,学习了一般将来时后,让学生做大量类似如下的练习: 依照例句改写句子:
model:i am swimming now.(tomorrow)→ i am going to swim tomorrow. 1)jack is dancing now.(tomorrow)2)mary is drawing now.(tomorrow)
此类练习只让孩子重复操练所学的语法项目,并没有提供机会让孩子了解应用这个语言点的情景,容易使所学的语言形式与语言的使用语境、语言的意义脱节,不能很好地达成语法教学的最终目的--帮助提高学生语言的交际能力。
此外,孩子天性喜欢好玩的东西,过于严肃机械的练习不能引起他们的学习热情。因此,我们应尽可能摒弃直接的、机械的练习,多提供机会让孩子在有意义的、生动有趣的情景中练习和运用所学的新项目。例如我们可以利用讲故事、做游戏、tpr(全身反应法)、念儿歌等”间接”的方法来帮助他们巩固所学的语法。例如,我们可以采用以下的游戏来巩固be going to do something这个语法项目:
1)教师拿起粉笔,说:”i am going to draw what? can you gue?’’
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提示让学生使用句型”you are going to draw...”。
2)教师每次画一两笔,让学生继续猜:”you are going to draw...”,直到他们猜对为止。
这个游戏给孩子们提供了一个较真实的情景去使用语言,让他们在玩乐中无意识地训练了所学的语法。当然,为了巩固孩子的语法知识,提高孩子语言的准确性,教师也要在适当时候使用 explicit grammar teaching”。
2.meaninggofirst(意义先行原则)英国教育专家jayne moon(2000)的研究表明,孩子具有”go for meaning”的天性,即在学习语言时,孩子的注意力通常首先放在语言的意义(meaning)上,他们很少注意到语言形式(form-指vocabulary,pronunciation,grammar structures)或语言规则。而且,孩子在特定的情景中获悉语言意义的能力很强。
由于孩子的关注点在语言的意义上,如果在开始授课时,教师首先谈论语法规则,势必导致他们不感兴趣。在教学中,我们要利用孩子的天性来帮助他们学习语言,才能真正做到”以人为本”。
在语法教学上,英国专家提倡采用这样的教学顺序:首先,让孩子在一个有意义的情景中(meaningful context)理解所教语法项目的意义;然后,提供足够的机会让孩子在较真实的语境中进 行交际性活动,运用所学的语法项目;最后,在孩子理解并会运用的基础上,教师把孩子的注意力吸引到语法规则上来,进一步巩固所学的内容。也就是说,在教学的前面两部分----”meaning”与”use”阶段使用”implicit grammar teaching”,在最后一部分----”form”阶段才采用”explicit grammar teaching”。
3.economy(适量原则)
除以上两点外,在解释语法项目时还要注意”economy”原则,即讲解要适时适量,解释清楚就可以了,不要罗嗦,费时费力太多,反而弄巧成拙,导致孩子糊涂及生厌。
有些教师认为只有把语法尽可能详尽地解释,才能保证孩子运用的正确性,而且往往把孩子犯的语言错误归因于语法(语言点)讲解不够。其实,学英语就象学计算机或学驾驶汽车一样,太多的理论解释反而适得其反,最关键的是实践、实践、再实践。而且,正如我们上面所说的,孩子的抽象思维能力还没有完全发展,这方面的能力比不上成人,在涉及语法解释时更应特别注意”economy”原则。
新课程标准所倡导的”以人为本”的理念要求教师的教学设计与教学活动都要符合学生的本能与天性。生动有趣、重在实践的语法教学方法有助于营造出一个人性化的教学环境,不仅有利于调动孩子的学习积极性,提高教学效果,还有利于孩子身心、情感的健康发展。
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