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工程管理认知实践总结报告篇三
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一、本次实习地点
108国道(或“国道108线”、“g108线”)是在中国的一条国道,起点为北京,终点为云南昆明,全程3356千米,工程管理实习报告。这条国道经过北京、河北、山西、陕西、四川、和云南6个省市。
我本次实习地点为108国道陕西的勉县至宁强段,该段经过的车辆多为跨省的长途货运汽车,该地为川、陕、甘三省所处的交通要道。由于该路已经运行了十余年,路面受损严重,严重威胁车辆及行人的安全。政府决定持资修补和改建受损路面。
陕西段108国道路改建和修补工程于xx年11月完工,改建后的路仍为二级公路,设计行车时速80公里/小时,设计使用周期20年,路面结构为20cm的水泥混凝土路面+20cm的水泥稳定风化料基层+20cm的石灰土底基层。尽管在施工中加强了质量管理并改进了施工工艺,但仍是不断出现各种类型的裂缝。这些裂缝(不包括面板的干缩裂缝)多半发生在混凝土面板浇注后的1~2天内,位置大多在距缩缝1米的范围内,个别也有在面板中部开裂的。缝宽随时间的延续,由细发展到宽,细的只有0.1mm,仔细查找才能发现。缝深可贯通板面,严重时基层也会断裂。横向缝较纵向缝居多。
二、 水泥混凝土路面裂缝的防治
造成面板开裂沉降和断裂的因素是很多的,只要施工中不谨慎随时都可以出现面板的各种裂缝。当混凝土面板的抗拉、抗折强度低于混凝土的收缩和翘曲应力时,裂缝就会产生,而随着时间、气温 变化、雨水渗入及行车作用,会最终导致全部路面的破坏,目前尚无理想的修补方法,实习报告《工程管理实习报告》。对裂缝严重的面板只有铲掉重浇新板,在 浇注前应在相邻板的接触面处钻孔埋设传力杆。面板裂缝轻微且不再发展的,可以采取修补。修补工作不但费工费料,外观难看,而且工艺繁杂,使用效果也不及原有的整体板。为此,施工过程中要严格管理,精心组织,最大限度地降低裂缝的产生。
1 保证路基最佳密实度
路基的沉降会使其强度减弱,要使沉降一点不发生也是不可能的,即使是路基达到98%的密实度,那么还有2%的空隙率,有空隙就会有沉降。微量的沉降不会造成路基的破坏。因此,为保证路基足够的稳定性,就必须把沉降量减小到最小值,尤其要避免发生影响严重的不均匀沉降。靠自然沉落减小沉降的做法在高等级公路施工中是不合适,尤其是工期短的工程,更无可能。即使采用加载预压,也是不经济的。
路基发生沉降有两种情况:一是地基软弱,未做好加固处理,其承载能力低于覆盖在它上面的填土层重力的压缩变形;二是填土层压实不好,密实度小于设计要求,其强度必然不足,在自重和外力作用下就会发生变形,密实度愈小其变形愈大。为减少因地基沉降而造成的路基变形,在填筑路基前,先清除地基表面的农作物、树木杂草以及腐殖土,然后用重型压路机械多遍碾压,使地基压实度不小于93%。
该路全线有300米的地基不良地段(属地基过湿),承载力不足1.2kg/cm2,车辆在地基上无法行走。填筑路基须先加固地基,并利用冬春地下水位下降的有利条件,深犁地基土30厘米深,晾晒,再掺以8%剂量的石灰翻拌碾压至密实。经检测,地基压实度已达90%以上。
为使路基有良好的密实度和提高其强度,减少路基的塑性变形和渗透系数,从而增加稳定性,使填土层的沉降量减小到最低限度,结合施工单位的现有碾压设备,在填筑路基时采取“分层填筑”和“薄层多压”的做法,每层厚度不超过30cm。曾在 k3+000~k3+100段填筑长100米的试验段,层厚50cm,填土层的土质为粘性土,用18 吨振动压路机在最佳含水量时,碾压五遍后检测其压实度小于93%(达不到设计要求),继续碾压到十遍,再检测其压实度,发现无明 显提高。相邻一段层厚30cm的填土层长200米,用同样的粘性土和碾压机械,当碾压至第四遍后,检测其压实度已达93%~95%。在有大吨位压实机械的条件下,如50吨振动压路机,重夯以及强夯等,可适当增 加每层的填筑厚度,具体的层厚应根据不同的机械经试验确定。为保证有均匀的强度,必须强调“分层填筑”,因不同层次有不同的压实度要求。
2 提高基层的强度与稳定性
混凝土路面的基层必须具有刚度大、整体性强和水稳性好。常用的基层结构有石灰粉煤灰稳定碎石、石灰土、工业废渣类等半刚性基层。石灰土宜作为底基层,不宜作为水泥混凝土等高级路面的基层。石灰土的初期强度和水稳性较低,同时干缩,冷缩易产生裂缝。从面层缝隙渗入的水会使石灰土基层表面水化,降 低强度,同时也易使面层滑动。该路工程采用水泥稳定碎石,它比石灰稳定土好,因为它的水稳性好。该路工程的基层强度要求洒水养生7天,其饱水无侧限抗压强度>0.8mpa,28天应达到1.2mpa以上。有一合同段试铺的石灰土底基层,经检测压实度、灰剂量等各项指标都符合要求,唯做灰土饱水试验时,当一组试件仅在水中浸泡1~4小时,所有试件都已松散,根本谈不上有强度。在这样的基层上修筑路面最终造成基层松散/滑动,而使面层坑槽、龟裂连片。
工程管理认知实践总结报告篇四
根据学校安排,我们于20xx年6月18日在西安科技大学东院家属区进行参观实习。这是一个让我们了解建筑的好机会,让我更深一步的了解理论与实际的差别,更好的领略建筑艺术的魅力。
认识实习是工程管理专业基础必修的实践性教学环节,是学生在校学习期间理论联系实际、增长实践知识的重要手段和方法之一,认识实习主要对工地进行参观,了解工程施工和管理的主要流程。为了让我们对这门自己即将从事的专业获得一个感性的认识,为今后专业课的学习打下坚实的基础,我们院的老师带领我们进行了认识实习。通过实地参观,通过对施工现场和施工体系进行考查,我们了解工程建筑、结构、施工的基本知识,建立起初步的工程意识,激发我们对本专业后续课程的求知欲,为学习专业基础课和专业课奠定了感性认识的基础。
我们这次实习的主要任务就是看懂实习工地的建筑类型,了解工程的性质,规模,建筑结构特点与施工条件等内容,了解不同机械设备的操作范围和规程,多多请教了解看到的不知道的知识。尽量争取参与并了解工程开工前和施工中的各项准备工作,收集有关技术资料,整理施工实习日记,做好实习收尾工作。
6月18日我们在老师的带领下去了西安科技大学东院家属区进行参观。刚刚进入工地时,老师便要求同学们戴上安全帽,并在进入施工现场后要有较强的自我保护意识。提到安全文明施工,我觉得在现阶段我们国家的确应该好好的抓一抓。企业的安全工作来不得半点侥幸心理,安全生产是企业最大的效益,是企业生存的保障。我们不仅要对一项工程负责,更要对正在施工的人员和将来使用的业主的生命财产负责。这应该是我们建筑业最基本的职业道德。暂且不说我们的前辈们是如何工作的,至少我们新一代的大学生应该努力缩小这个差距,秉承严谨的工作作风,做出优良的工程。在进入施工现场后,安全文明施工标语到处可见,大门上写着“施工重地,闲人免进”,施工现场内各工作区分隔明确;施工材料堆放整齐,所有施工人员均戴安全帽,工作态度不严谨。一项工程是服务于人,惠及于人的,因此我们要好好抓安全工作。
西安科技大学27号高层住宅楼工程由陕建集团第一建筑工程有限公司安装公司承建。该公司成立于19xx年,具有机电安装工程专业承包一级,消防设施专业承包一级及市政公用工程总承包二级、起重设备安装工程专业承包二级资质。公司具有计量认证合格证书、建筑施工安全资格证书、p≤2.5mpa散装锅炉安装许可证、压力管道(gb类、gc2级)安装许可证。西安科技大学27号高层住宅楼工程共32层,户型不一,是西安科技大学为解决职工住房问题所建设的安居工程。
我们来到这里时,工程已经建到28层,整个建筑宏伟壮观,在张工的介绍下,我们了解了工程建筑的基本做法。首先张工为我们介绍了屋面的一些基本做法并看了屋顶结构的基本模型,并着重强调了屋檐的防水线做法。其次给我们讲了墙体抹灰的做法。
其工艺流程为基层处理→满刮腻子两遍→底层涂料→中层涂料两遍→乳胶漆面层喷涂→清扫。基层处理为先将装修表面上的灰块、浮渣等杂物用开刀铲除,如表面有油污,应用清洗剂和清水洗净,干燥后再用棕刷将表面灰尘清扫干净;表面清扫后,用水与界面剂(配合比为10:1)的稀释液滚刷一边,再用底层石膏或嵌缝石膏将底层不平处填补好,石膏干透后局部需贴牛皮纸或专用墙布进行防裂处理,干透后进行下一步施工;
满刮两遍腻子:第一遍应用胶皮刮板满刮,要求横向刮抹平整、均匀、光滑,密实平整,线角及边棱整齐为度。尽量刮薄,不得漏刮,接头不得留槎,注意不要沾污门窗框及其他部位,否则应及时清理。待第一遍腻子干透后,用粗砂纸打磨平整。注意操作要平衡,保护棱角,磨后用棕扫帚清扫干净;第二遍满刮腻子方法同第一遍,但刮抹方向与前腻子相垂直。然后用粗砂纸打磨平整,否则必须进行第三遍、第四遍,用300w太阳灯侧照墙面或天棚面用粗砂纸打磨平整,最后用细砂纸打磨平整光滑为准。
底层涂料:施工应在干燥、清洁、牢固的层表面上进行,喷涂一遍,涂层需均匀,不得漏涂。
中层涂料施工:涂刷第一遍中层涂料前如发现有不平整之处,用腻子补平磨光。涂料在使用前应用手提电动搅拌枪充分搅拌均匀。如稠度较大,可适当加清水稀释,但每次加水量需一致,不得稀稠不一。然后将涂料倒入托盘,用涂料滚子醮料涂刷第一遍。滚子应横向涂刷,然后再纵向滚压,将涂料赶开,涂平。滚涂顺序一般为从上到下,从左到右,先远后近,先边角棱角、小面后大面。要求厚薄均匀,防止涂料过多流坠。滚子涂不到有阴角处,需用毛刷补充,不得漏涂。要随时剔除沾在墙上的滚子毛。一面墙要一气呵成。避免接槎刷迹重叠现象,沾污到其他部位的涂料要及时用清水擦净。第一遍中层涂料施工后,一般需干燥4h以上,才能进行下道磨光工序。如遇天气潮湿,应适当延长间隔时间。然后,用细砂纸进行打磨,打磨时用力要轻而匀,并不得磨穿涂层,磨的将表面清扫干净;第二遍中层涂产刷与第一遍相同,但不再磨光。涂刷后,应达到一般乳胶漆高级刷浆的要求;(如果前面腻子和涂料底层处理的好可以不进行本层的深刷)
乳胶漆面层喷涂:由于基层材质、齿期、碱性、干燥程度不同,应预先在局部墙面上进行试喷,以确定基层与涂料的相容情况,并同时确定合适的涂布量;乳胶漆涂料在使用前要充分摇动容器,使其充分混合均匀,然后打开容器,用木棍充分搅拌;喷涂时,嘴应始终保持与装饰表垂直(尤其在阴角处),距离约为0.3-0.5m(根据装修面大小调整),喷嘴压力为0.2-0.3mm2喷枪呈z字形向前推进,横纵交叉进行。喷枪移动要平衡涂布量要一致,不得时停时移,跳跃前进,以免发生堆料、流挂或漏喷现象;为提高喷涂效率和质量,喷涂顺序应安:墙面部位→柱部位→预面部位→门窗部位,该顺序应灵活掌握,以不增重复遮挡和不影响已完成的饰面为准;
清扫:清除遮挡物,清扫飞溅物料。
此外还特别强调了墙体现用的保温材料和做法,并强调此工程只能做到b1级。(a1级流程见图)
其中外墙保温施工工艺流程为:
1 、基层检查、处理
2 、配专用粘接剂 预粘翻包网格布
3 、粘聚苯保温板
4 、钻孔及安装固定件
5 、保温板面打磨、找平
6 、配聚合物砂浆
7 、抹底层聚合物砂浆
8 、埋帖网格布
9 、抹面层聚合物砂浆
10、验收
接着张工为我讲解了管道的布置、地辐射热的铺法。其中采暖施工安装的工艺流程为:
施工前期准备→具备施工作业面→安装分集水器→铺设复合保温板→安装膨胀缝、伸缩节、边角保温等→铺设反射膜→管路铺设→管道冲洗→外观检验及打压试验→回填砼→二次试压→施工验收、签单。
安装步骤为:
1、清理施工作业面:将地面凹凸处剔除找平,砂上杂物等清理干净保证地面平整,墙、柱脚与地面呈90度直角。
2、安装分集水器:将分集水器水平安装于图纸指定位置,分水器于上集水器于下,间距200mm。集水器中心距地面高度不小于300mm。
3、铺设复合保温板:按照施工图铺设复合保温板,并用铝箔胶带粘结为一整体。
4、按要求安装膨胀缝、伸缩节、波纹套管、边角保温等材料。
5、铺设反射膜:反射膜铺贴在保温板上,并固定。
6、管路铺设:严格按照设计施工图纸铺设pe-rt (pe-x)管,并用塑料卡钉将管材固定于复合保温板及反射膜上。
7、对管道进行水压冲洗、吹扫等,保证管道内无异物。
8、检测打压:管路铺设完毕后,检验所安装完毕系统的外观完好进行水压试验,压力不低于0.6mpa。
9、地暖系统带压回填混凝土。
10、待混凝土凝固、养护周期(不小于50h)结束后进行二次打压试验,并进行施工验收,交签单。
除此之外张工还讲解了消火栓的安放及地砖的铺设方法和需注意事项等等,最后我们独自参观了一会。
我们的工地实习结束了,本次实习,时间虽短,但达到了开阔眼界、补充知识、将理论与实践相结合的多重目的。在实习过程中,我们了解了建筑施工的过程及一般步骤,了解了有关的施工技术。这次工地实习短短一天,但我所想所见所感比之前在学校学习的知识都要多的多。而且沿途不断的跟同学老师讨论,交换想法,收获极大。并且明白自己的所学和今后的工作实际还是有差距的。实习过程中接触到了许多之前不曾了解的东西。许多知识都是以前在书本上所学不到的。通过这次实习,我增强了实践能力,离开了书本,切身来到工地才真正感受到实习的必要性,也使我认识到基础知识的不扎实。在实习过程中我发现我们这个专业很有探索发展的余地,在此感谢辛劳为我们指导的老师们!
19号、20号、21号三天,我们在学校看了工程施工整个过程的视频,了解了施工的步骤及原理,丰富了我的知识,激发我对本专业后续课程的求知欲,为学习专业基础课和专业课奠定了感性认识的基础,并且使我对所学专业有了更深一步的认识,增强了我对未来的信心!看着视频中工人们埋头苦干,突然明白各行各业都很辛苦,但也看到了他们的伟大。他们在烈日酷寒的天气里,仍然在为城市建设而努力着。
我们在参观的时候,被强调一定要戴安全帽。在各个施工场地我们都可以看到安全第一的标语。除了安全问题以外,我们对建筑上的一些应该注意的基本问题有了一点认识。
这次的认识实习为我们今后学习专业知识引开了一条路,我们通过观察问询等方式了解到了很多我们不曾知道的东西。除了建筑知识,给我们印象最深的应该是安全问题。每个施工单位都有标语“安全第一”,作为工程人员,应尽力避免安全事故的发生,不但要严格规章制度,还要为员工们灌输安全知识,对他们的生命安全负责。
通过这次认识实习,我们对建筑设备,建筑基础等有了一定的了解,这也为我们今后学习专业知识,走上工作岗位有一定的帮助。 这次实习得以顺利进行和完成,我们要感谢学校的大力支持,老师的带队,相关领导的重视以及施工单位的支持。