作为一名教职工,总归要编写教案,教案是教学蓝图,可以有效提高教学效率。教案书写有哪些要求呢?我们怎样才能写好一篇教案呢?以下我给大家整理了一些优质的教案范文,希望对大家能够有所帮助。
《游褒禅山记》教案篇一
(一)教材地位
文章语言难度适中,内容有很好的针对性,适合对高二学生进行文言文教学。本单元的学习内容是宋代散文,《游褒禅山记》与《石钟山记》编入同一单元,前者是教读课文,后者是自读课文。两者都是即事说理的游记。《游褒禅山记》的教学应是对《石钟山记》自读教学的引领和铺垫。
(二)教学目标
结合本单元教学要求和本课特点,依据新课标要求,我将本课的教学目标设定为以下三个方面:
1积累实词、虚词、特殊句式等知识。
2学生结合实际领会处世治学皆须坚定意志、深思慎取的道理,借鉴本文即事说理的写法。
3指导诵读,培养学生借助注解、依据上下文阅读文言文的能力。
(三)重点难点
依据教学目标,参照学生已有的知识经验,确定本课教学的重点、难点如下:
重点:积累实词、虚词、特殊句式等知识。(积累“卒、道、极、观、得、悲”等实词,“以”、“其”两个虚词的意义与用法,以及文言特殊句式。)
难点:领会文章所阐述的道理以及即事说理的写法。
1.教法
教学是一门艺术,因此,教师要本着"因材施教"以及"教学有法,但无定法"的原则,选择行之有效的教学方法。根据该课的教学目标、教材特点和学生的年龄及心理特征,我采用以下方法进行教学:
1、学生诵读、教师范读,整体感知的教学方法。
2、点拨词句方面的一些知识,循序渐进,逐步积累的教学方法。
2.学法
课程标准明确指出:“要重视学生的实践活动,让学生在教学过程中学会自主、合作、探究。要重视师生的语言交际和心灵沟通。”据此,我确定了以下学法及能力培养:
1、圈点、勾画、批注的方法。
2、参照注解,动口动脑,培养学生自己获取知识的能力。
3、指导学生进行正确的诵读
3.教学方式:课堂讲授和多媒体辅助
(一)准备阶段
我主要的准备工作是备好课,做好ppt课件。在课前两天布置学生预习该课。
(二)课堂教学过程
我计划两个课时完成本课教学任务。第一课时完成对“言”的解读;第二课时完成对“文”的品赏。每课时各设计四个环节。
第一课时
:由学过的《小石潭记》、《登泰山记》、《醉翁亭记》等文言文游记导入。
设计理由:回顾学过的类似文言文帮助学生快速进入对此课文的学习状态。
1、学生读题注,了解作者及背景。
2、学生自由诵读一遍,教师强调注意读准字音。
3、播放朗读录音,教师纠正学生诵读时不正确的读音
设计理由:扫清文言文阅读的初步障碍
1、小组合作。借助注解,疏通课文,学生整理文言词语、特殊句式。
2、练习巩固。(配发习题、实物投影)
(1)重点词:卒、文、道、极、观、得、夷、相、悲、胜
(2)词类活用:舍、名、穷、谬、传
(3)特色句式翻译:(教师点拨,以直译为主,力求准确)
①今所谓慧空禅院者,褒之庐冢也。判断句
②此余之所得也。判断句
③此所以学者不可以不深思而慎取之也。
设计理由:以解释加点词、特色文句翻译题形式,突出了学生自主学习习惯的培养,也落实了重点词句积累这个学习目标,为下节课“文”的品赏做准备和铺垫。
3、课时小结
(1)学生齐读课文,巩固重点字词。
(2)总结文言知识学法:一要熟读,二要结合上下文推断词意。
1、熟读课文,整理虚词“以”、“其”在文中的用法。
2、背诵课文1、2段。
第二课时
1、学生齐背课文1、2段
2、提问:本文是游记,从第一段交代看,作者参加游览的三个点是什么?(出示游褒禅山示意图)
由学生思考前两段与后文的关系导入本课时的学习。
1、学生自读全文,思考本文与其他游记的异同。
设计理由:帮助学生弄清本文形式上是游记,内容上其实是议论文。
2、议论的标志是哪个句或字?(“于是余有叹焉”的“叹”,“有所得”的“得”),“叹”“得”指的是什么?(两个观点:①尽吾志;②深思慎取)
3、教师结合资料补充王安石变法及其坚定意志、百折不挠的精神。
4、思考:王安石游褒禅山有“得”,你还会有哪些“得”?以此来落实教学目标
1、归纳写法。
问题设置:记叙部分和议论部分是怎样紧密联系的?
(试从①过渡衔接;②两部分在文字上的前后呼应;③游山与处世治学两者的内在联系这三方面思考)讨论。
学生讨论交流,教师补充。意在指导学生用归纳和比较的方法来思考和解决问题。
明确:
(1)因事说理,叙议结合。
(2)重点突出,详略得当。
(3)结构严谨,前后照应。
2、理清思路。(幻灯片出示课文结构图)
3、指导背诵3、4段。
4、简要总结:文言文学习要熟读精思,要因言悟道。
1、学以致用:联系学生实际谈谈志、力、物三者之间关系。(可以预设名校、重点班问题;家教问题。老师、学校都是“物”、是外因,学习最主要的是自身的努力)
板书设计
记叙(议论的基础)——山院洞碑
议论(记叙的深化)——尽志无悔
《游褒禅山记》教案篇二
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇三
1、学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作手法。
2、学习本文所论述的做任何事要有志向、不盲从、努力向上和“深思慎取”的态度。
3、掌握词类活用和一词多义的用法,特别是“其”、“道”、“名”、“然”等词的用法。
4、熟读背诵,培养阅读文言文的能力。
目的2、3
目的1、4。
1、本文的语言比较通俗,可让学生利用注释自己串讲课文,必要时教师进行点拨以培养学生的自学能力。
2、文中的一些常用词,除弄清它在本课的用法外,还要引导学生联系所学过的篇目及利用查找工具书的方法积累这些词的其他用法,以提高学生的阅读能力。
3、即事明理的写法,学生比较陌生,所以教学中要引导学生理清记叙和议论的关系,从而理解作者所阐述的观点。
4、诵读是本文学习的重点,要在整体感知的基础上通读课文,在诵读中加深对课文的理解,落实本课的背诵要求。
3课时
作者及课文简介,疏通文意。
《醉翁亭记》、《岳阳楼记》,“记”是一种文体,指游记。游记的共同点是什么呢?(明确:抓住景物特点,表现山水之美。有人曾将游记比作“纸上山水”。)
正音(板书):褒 冢 华 相 谬 窈 父
1.积累“其”、“道”、“名”、“然”的义项。
2.熟读课文,体会叙议结合手法。
体会叙议结合手法。
指定几位学生把自己所归纳的词义及例句抄写在黑板上,并讲解。
由学生讨论,明确文章结构。
第三部分(1、2):记游山所见及经过。
第二部分(3、4):写游山的心得。
第三部分(5):游山的时间及同行者。
1.问:本文的叙议是怎样紧密相连的?
由学生讨论后明确:
(1)两部分间衔接过渡自然。
(2)记仆碑情况突出“花山”二字,为后文的议论作铺垫。
(3)强调前洞路近、地平、游者众,后洞强调路远、奇险、游者少。为后文议论作铺垫。
2.作者通过记游,阐述了什么观点呢?
作者据仆碑得出了要有“深思慎取”的态度;通过两洞对比,得出了做任何事都要有百折不挠的精神这个结论。
3.本文即事明理,借游山抒发了内心的感慨。诸同学们结合自己的实际情况,谈谈你对作者这一感慨的看法。(本题可由学生自由发言,不求统一。)
熟读课文,写一篇读书笔记。
指导背诵。
从游览来看,这是一次半途而废的游览。照理,这样的游览并没有多大价值可写,而本文却成为一篇传诵千古的名篇,为什么?从中,我们对作文之法有什么体会?
1.首先要重视文章的立意,有新意,能启发人们思考。
2.其次要重视构思布局,使材料与观点有机统一,结构严密。
第三段紧承上文,抒发自己的感想。
(1)用“叹”领起下文。
(2)以古人作立论的标准:“求思之深而无不在”才“往往有得”。
(3)世人的做法:夷以近,则游者众;险以远,则至者少”
(4)阐述志、力、物三者的内在联系。
(5)强调只要尽了自己的努力,即使不能达到目的,也可以“无悔”。
3、结合提示,争取当堂背诵。
《游褒禅山记》教案篇四
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇五
《游褒禅山记》是职高语文第三册课文。现依据教学大纲、考纲、教材、学情对本课的教学目的、教学法的制定及教学程序的设计等方面作如下说明。
(一)关于大纲:《语文教学大纲》对文言文阅读的要求是:诵读古典诗词和浅易文言文,背诵一定数量的名篇。掌握课文中常见的文言实词、文言虚词和文言句式,能理解词句含义,读懂课文,学习用现代观念审视作品的内容和思想倾向。大纲在语文教学目的阐述中还有这样的话:“要进一步培养学生热爱祖国语言文字,热爱中华优秀文化的感情,培养高尚的审美情趣和一定的审美能力;……”,这也是与文言文教学密切相关的。
(二)关于考纲:根据《大纲》的要求,高考《考试说明》对古代诗文的阅读作了三个递进层次的要求:①理解(能力层级b):理解常见文言实词在文中的含义;理解常见文言虚词虚词在文中的用法;理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法;②分析综合(能力层级c);筛选并提取文中的重要信息;归纳内容要点,概括中心思想,分析作者在文中的观点态度。③鉴赏评价(能力层级e);鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧,评价文学作品的思想内容。
(三)关于教材:新教材非常重视古代经典诗文的阅读积累,全套教材编排的古代诗文作品,约占课文总数的40%,高一文言文按时代编排,高一下第五单元为宋代散文,宋代散文继承唐古文运动的传统有所发展,题材更加广泛,形式更加多样,语言更加畅达,并且更长于议论,对后世的散文创作有深远的影响。从语言文字上看,宋朝散文较上册的文言文更为浅显。
文言文教学,新教材编排上有明显的“两重一轻”倾向,“两重”是指重视诵读,重视积累;“一轻”指轻篇章的琐屑分析。这一倾向从新教材的练习设计可明显看出来。我个人认为文言文教学应体现这种倾向,避免大量无效的分析,应多诵读……培养语感。
(四)关于学情:学生经过初中和高一上期的文言文学习,已掌握了一定数量的文言实词、虚词,学生的文言文阅读能力有了明显的提高,但仍有一些难点有待突破,如文言句式,词类活用、虚词的用法等。我任教的两个班的学生,学习语文的兴趣比较浓厚,课堂气氛活跃。
针对以上的分析情况,本课的教学目的、学法、教法和教学程序确定如下:
(一)教学目的:
①诵读课文;②准确理解常见文言词语在文中的含义;
③归纳并掌握“道”“盖”“文”三个多义词的义项及“乃”“然”“其”三个虚词的用法;
④体会并借鉴本文即事明理的写法;领会文章所阐发的哲理。
(二)教学重点:①诵读②积累
(三)教学难点:①准确判断词文言词语在文中的含义;②虚词用法:
(一)学法:
1、诵读法。这是学习文言文最基础、最重要的方法,也是最有效的方法。诵读能在感知言语声音形态的同时,实现对文本的感悟理解。言语声音形态与情味的关系是极其密切的,从感知的直接性来说,文字不如声音彻底、深刻、细腻。因此诵读法成功关键是要读出声音的各种形态,如节奏、语调等,只有这样,才能听到“古人”的心声,才能“得他滋味”(朱熹语),才能触摸到言语主体的情味。否则,仅得其声音,得其字形,充其量也只是“认读”。当然,要做到这一点,有一个探究、发现的过程,教师应引导学生逐步读出“情味”来。因此,范读多读显得非常重要。
2、圈点法。使用各种圈点勾画符号阅读文言文,也是古人一种重要的读书方法。唐彪曾说:“凡书文有圈点,则读者易于领会,而句读无讹。不然,遇古奥之句,不免上字下读,而下字上读,……”我从两方面进行指导:一是指导使用圈点勾画符号,二是指导学生在圈点勾画的基础上适当作一些批注。第一节课,学生主要勾画出疑难处及哲理句。
3、猜读法。哥德曼认为,阅读过程并非一个精确知觉的过程和系列加工的过程,而是一个选择的过程和预期的过程,阅读是一种语言心理学的猜测游戏。在学生掌握了一定数量的文言词汇后,碰到难词时,教师应引导点拨学生大胆猜测,在小心求证的基础上准确把握词在文中的含义。这就是“教是为了不教”。学习《游》文,我精选七个重要词语为例让学生猜,点拨指导运用七种方法。
4、练习法。这是巩固知识、发展能力的有效方法,关键在一个“精”字。“练”不求“多”,应求“精”,要用最少的练习巩固学生的知识,培养学生的能力。我设计两套练习,一是课堂巩固练习,重在巩固课文的重要词语;二是课外迁移练习,选用98高考题,进一步巩固准确把握文言词语意义的方法。
(二)教法:
1、点拨法:蔡澄清先生大力倡导的语文点拨教学法是根据中国汉语文的特点,针对中学生学习语的实际,为落实启发式教学原则而采取的一种教法。所谓“点拨”,就是教师针对学生学习过程中存在的知识障碍、思维障碍与心理障碍,运用画龙点睛和排除故障的方法,启发学生脑筋。自己进行思考与研究,寻找解决问题的途径的方法。简单说,所谓“点”就是点击要害,抓重点;所谓“拨”就是拨疑难,排障碍。“点拨法”能充分发挥教师的主导性和学生的主体性。在学习《游褒禅山记》中,我主要点拨的是准确理解词语含义的几种方法,使学生学会“猜”,从而提高阅读文言文能力。
2、归纳法。从上学期开始,我一直对常见实词、虚词的意义用法进行系统归纳,使所学知识系统化,网络化,既便于记忆,又便于运用。如《游褒禅山记》一文的第二课时,我主要运用归纳法,归纳“文”“盖”“道”三个实词义项及“乃”“然”“其”三个虚词用法。兹举一例如下:
→独体汉字叫“文”→文字
文
→装饰→掩饰(文过饰非)
→彩色交错为“文”
→华丽,有文采→文辞→文章,文献→文化教育
(一)总体设计:通过以上分析,我确定了本文的教学整体思路:通过诵读把握全文;通过猜读训练思维;通过归纳使知识系统化、网络化;通过精练巩固、强化。在这个思路指导下,《游褒禅山记》一文的教学安排两课时,第一课时主要是:诵读、积累;第二课时主要是:诵读、归纳。
(二)第一课时教学过程设计:
1、导入及解题(2分钟)毛泽东诗导入:“无限风光在险峰”
学生自读注解①补充王安石相关内容
2、整体把握:(19分钟)
(1)范读(5分钟)难读字点拨:褒、华、谬、咎、父
(2)自由朗读(5分钟)诵读点拨:(略)(3)齐读(5分钟)(4)全文思路:(4分钟)
设计问题点拨思路
悔游:不得极夫游之乐悟理:要有志1、作者主要游了哪些地方?要深思慎取结果如何?
2、作者悟出了什么道理?(请学生圈点、勾画,老师板书如左。)
3、理解重点词语:(12分钟)
(1)唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址语法推断(舍,房子,但在句中作谓语,故用为动词,可解为“做房子定居”。)
(2)以其乃华山之阳名之也形训推断(阝,古作“阜”无石之山,故从“阝”之字,大都与山、高下有关,阳即指“山南”。)
(3)有碑仆道成语推断(今有成语“前仆后继”,“仆”意为“倒下”,据此结合语境,不难判断此处“仆”即为“倒下”之义)
(4)独其为文犹可识联今推断(联合现代联合关系词汇,如文字、文章等,据同义联合原理,可知“文”有“文字”“文章”等义,此处便不难断为“文字”。)
(5)则其好游者不能穷也语境推断(穷,穷尽,据文中语境“游”,不难理解此处“穷”可解为“走到尽头”。)(6)则其至又加少矣迁移推断(加,此处解为“增加”显然不通,若联系曾经学过的“民不加少”,知此处“加”为“更”之义,便可马上推断“加”的意义:副词,更。亦可用语法和联今法,此处“加”作状语,联系现代汉语有“更加”一词,亦可推断出正确意义。)
(7)夫夷以近,则游者众。对位推断(此句后有“险以远,则至者少”一句,由此可知“夷”与“险”义相对,结合语境,大致可猜出“平坦”之义,联系常用语“夷为平地”亦可推断。)
强调:以上的方法可以综合运用,推断将更为准确。
4、自由朗读全文(5分钟)
5、课内巩固练习(7分钟)
《游褒禅山记》教案篇六
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇七
《游褒禅山记》是北宋著名的政治家、文学家王安石的一篇补世力作。这篇游记,叙述他和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。游记立意超卓,指向鲜明,言简而意丰,言近而旨永。“吟咏之间吐呐珠玉之声,眉睫之前卷舒风云之色”,自创新格而弥足珍贵,彪炳千古而有无限的可开掘性。
本课是高中语文课本第二册第五单元中的第二篇文言文。本单元的学习内容是宋代散文。《六国论》和《游褒禅山记》是教读课文,《伶官传序》和《石钟山记》是自读课文。《六国论》和《伶官传序》都是借古讽今的史论,《游褒禅山记》和《石钟山记》都是因事说理的游记。《游褒禅山记》显然引领了《石钟山记》。
此前,学生学习文言文已经有了初中三年的学习经验,上了高中后又掌握了不少的文言知识。因此,学生学习这篇浅易的文言文并不会感到特别的吃力。高中语文教学大纲对学生学习文言文的要求是:能够诵读浅易文言文,理解词句的含义和作品的思想内容,背诵一定数量的名篇。重点掌握常见的150个文言实词、18个文言虚词和主要文言句式在课文中的用法。根据这一要求,确定本课的教学目标和重难点。
一、认知目标——学习本文中名词活用为动词、形容词活用为动词的用法。了解文言虚词“以”、“其”的意义与用法。学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。
二、能力目标——熟读背诵,培养学生阅读文言文的能力。
三、情感目标——领会治学处世皆须坚定意志,并且要深思慎取的道理。
教学重点:
一、重点积累名、曰、文、进、奇、好、出、极、观、求、险等文言实词的意义。
二、掌握虚词“以”、“其”的意义与用法。
三、词类活用。
教学难点
一、掌握文章说理深刻、章法严谨的写作特点。
二、领会本文所阐述的道理。
教法运用:
坚持以“教师为主导,学生为主体,训练为主线”的“三主”的教学思想以及素质教育的方向,培养学生良好的阅读习惯,发展学生健全的认知结构,激励学生积极的情感因素,使学生理解学习过程,学会学习。
教学设想:
一、本文是一篇文言文,文字上有一定的障碍,应在课前梳理清楚。
二、本文又是一篇游记,可与学过的旧课文进行联系比较。
三、为了激发学生的学习兴趣,可利用多媒体手段展示相关的风光图片以及作者的游程(制作成多媒体课件)。
四、为了掌握本文重要的文言词语,可利用多媒体手段展示相关课堂习题。
教学方法:
诵读法---古诗文需要熟读背诵。
串讲法---文言文需要疏通文意。
提问法---课堂上需要师生互动。
比较法---新旧知需要温故知新。
讨论法---课堂上需要活跃气氛。
练习法---教学上需要精讲多练。
教学媒体:
录音机、多媒体课件、幻灯片。
学法指导:
高一学生对文言文阅读已具备了一些基础知识和积累,但对如何学习文言文,还是一个新课题,因此教师应引导学生掌握学习方法,运用已有的知识框架同化新信息,建立新的智能,逐步走向独立学习的境界。
一、引导学生利用课文注释,使用工具书自己翻译,必要时教师进行点拨、解难,培养自学能力。
二、告诉学生翻译文言文要遵循的原则。
三、调动学生思考、讨论、交流的积极性,教师适时点拨,培养学生发现问题、解决问题的能力。
四、提示学生反复诵读课文,体会文章所阐述的道理。
五、鼓励学生及时归纳学习文言文的方法,注意积累文言文知识。
教学本课可安排2课时。
第一课时:
1、导入新课:
首先给学生介绍毛泽东的七绝诗《为李进同志题所摄庐山仙人洞照》:“暮色苍茫看劲松,乱云飞渡仍从容。天生一个仙人洞,无限风光在险峰。”学生通过诵读领会了“无限风光在险峰”一句的含义。随后因势利导,引出课题,指出今天我们要学习的王安石的《游褒禅山记》,就含有类似的深邃哲理。
2、整体感知:
先用录音机播放课文朗读,再组织学生诵读全文,了解文章大意,从整体上把握文章内容。纠正不正确的读音。并以提问的形式检查学生的理解情况:
①课文中记游部分,集中于文中哪几段?(第1、2节)
②文中第三段的议论是针对哪部分内容阐发的?(第2节)
得出怎样的结论?(故非有志者不能至也。尽吾志也而不能至者,可以无悔矣。)
③文中第三段的议论是针对哪部分内容阐发的?(第3节)
得出怎样的结论?(此所以学者不可以不深思慎取之也。)
④请同学们读课文,从文中找出能够作为"无限风光在险峰"注脚的语句(“世之奇伟、瑰怪、非常之观,常在于险远”)。
3、写作顺序:
a、本名与别名的由来
b、记游洞经过
c、抒发游洞的感慨
d、简写由仆碑而产生的感想
e、补记同游之人、记游时间
4、课文分析:
a、引导学生自读前两段,让学生叙述游山经过。从学生的回答中提出重点实词的解释方法。
(“舍”在注释中解释为“筑舍定居”,其根据是什么?曾见过的类似的句子有哪些?这样解释是古汉语的什么特点?——名词活用作动词,曾学过“驴不胜怒,蹄之”、“公将鼓之”等。总结:“慧褒始舍于其址”,在“其址”前边的必须是个动词,来表示慧褒的动作。因此,从“舍”的名词必须引申开去,会想到“舍”是由人建造给人居住的,故释为“筑舍定居”。这便是从词的位置以及词的关系来揣摩词的意义。因此,识词辨义要考察语言环境,不但在句中看,还要注意句与句的关系。前两段中用法相近的还有:以故其后名之曰“褒禅”。名:名词作动词,“命名”之意。火尚足以明也。明:形容词作动词,“照明”之意。这便是词类活用)
b、以提问方式考查学生对文章的理解情况。
(1)第1节中为何提及仆碑及仆碑上的文字?
(为后文作伏笔,作者认真考证仆碑上的文字,探究事物的本源,充分体现了“求思之深”的探索精神,这也是“深思慎取”的依据。)
(2)第2节略与详是怎样安排的?其中有哪些对比?这些对比的作用是什么?
(略写游前洞。详写游后洞及所见所感。)
(对比有:前洞后洞
平旷幽深
甚众已少、又少
余所至浅好游者所至深
还有见到奇景的欣喜与出洞的后悔相比。)
(作用:为议论作铺垫。)
c、课堂训练:
归纳“名、曰、文、进、奇、好、出、极”的意义与用法。
完成课后练习第二、三题。
第二课时:
1、导入新课;
第二段详写游后洞的经过,着重写在力尚足、火尚明的情况下,竟随“怠者”而返的遗憾心情。还有前洞与后洞的对比,都为第3、4段的议论打下伏笔。
2、思考,回答第2自然段的层次:
第一层:开头到“遂与之俱出”,记游洞经过。
第二层:“盖余所至”到段末,追记后洞所见并表达遗憾的心情。
3、诵读第三段:
教师范读并穿插评点,及时进行提问和展开讨论。
提问
①古代游记中写感受,常用一句话来概括全文的主旨,例如《醉翁亭记》末段:“太守之乐其乐”“醉能同其乐”二语便是该文的主旨。说说本文的主旨可用哪句话来概括。
(“尽吾志而不能至者,可以无悔矣。”)
②作者说“不能至”是针对什么说的?
(不能到达洞的深处,见不到“非常之观”。)
③这本来是件有“悔”的事,为什么作者又说“可以无悔”呢?
(因为已经“尽吾志”了。)
④“尽吾志”是什么意思?
(为实现自己的愿望作最大的努力。)
小结:“尽吾志”是这句话的要害。
讨论
①“尽吾志”这句话跟前段记游中哪句话是前后照应的?
(“而余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也”。)
②“极夫游之乐”是针对什么说和?
(至洞之深处。)
③为什么到了洞的深处才能“极夫游之乐”呢?
(“入之愈深,其进愈难,而其见愈奇”,“非常之观,常在于险远”。)
④作者“悔”的真正原因是什么?
(随之止。)
小结:“随之止”是放弃自己的意愿,不做最大的努力而屈从别人,这正是本句的要害。
由此得出本段的结论:要有志。
4、读析第4段:
学生朗读,然后展开讨论。
(1)“古书之不存”跟上文哪句话相照应?
(其文漫灭。)
(2)“后世之谬其传”又是跟哪句话相照应?
(今言“华”如“华实”之“华”者,盖音谬也。)
(3)这样说来,这两句话是不是专指碑文字迹模糊和“花山”被误传为“华山”这两件事说的呢?为什么?
(不是,它既是专指,又是泛指,而且重在泛指。从“何可胜道也哉”中,看出它是泛指文字流传或刊印的讹误。)
小结:这就是从个别引申出一般的写法,也表现了作者的阔大胸襟,看问题有思想高度。
由此得出本段的结论:要深思慎取。
5、略讲第五段:了解古人写游记结尾的写法和作用。
6、总结扩展:
中心思想。(这篇游记叙述作者和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。)
写作特色。(因事见理、叙议结合,重点突出、详略得当,结构严密、前后照应)
心得交流。(各人用一句话说说自己学习本文后的感想)
7、课堂练习:
整理虚词“其”字的用法(结合练习“三”)。
完成课后练习“一”。
8、布置作业:
课后练习“四”。
课后背诵课文。
板书设计:
要力求体现程序性、概括性、指导性、艺术性。
《游褒禅山记》王安石
记叙记山(山→院→洞→碑)仆碑(1节)
(1、2节)游洞(前洞→后洞)后洞(2节)
议论怠出而悔有志、力、物(3节)
(3、4节)漫灭谬传深思慎取(4节)
因事见理、叙议结合重点突出、详略得当结构严密、前后照应
《游褒禅山记》教案篇八
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇九
(一)课文分析:《游褒禅山记》是人教版高中语文第三册第五单元的讲读课文。本单元的四篇课文都属于唐宋散文。这个单元的教学目标是要理解课文所总结的历史教训以及所阐发的人生哲理,了解几种常见的词类活用现象,积累文言文知识。
《游褒禅山记》是宋代政治家文学家王安石的名作。这篇游记,叙述他和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。教学本课我安排了两个课时,第一课时是讲授记游山的部分,第二课时是讲授发议论的部分,我的说课内容是针对第二课时来说的,这个课时的教学重点是掌握虚词“者”、“其”的意义与用法,教学难点是领悟文章所阐发的人生哲理。
(二)学情分析:《语文教学大纲》在语文教学目的阐述中有这样的话:“要进一步培养学生热爱祖国语言文字,热爱中华优秀文化的感情,培养高尚的审美情趣和一定的审美能力……”,高二学生虽然掌握了一定的文言文阅读能力,但由于人生阅历的缺乏和知识结构的不完善,对文章所阐发的人生哲理的领会有一定的困难,因此,这节课我的教学设计是通过疏通文本,学习文中文言文知识,从而领会作者阐述的“深思慎取”的道理。
(三)教学目标:根据教学大纲,分析本文特点,结合学生实际,我确定以下教学目标:
1、认知目标——学习文本中词语的活用,了解文言虚词“者”、“其”的意义与用法。
2、能力目标——熟读背诵课文,培养学生阅读文言文的能力。
3、情感目标——领会治学处事必须坚定意志,并且要“深思慎取”的道理。
《游褒禅山记》是一首晦涩难懂的文言文,作者所阐发的人生哲理也是很难把握的,根据本节课的教学目标和教学重难点,我主要采用了“反复诵读法”、“串讲翻译法”和“问题探究法”的教学方法。
反复诵读:这是本课教学的主要方法,通过反复诵读能熟悉并理解课文内容,积累文言知识。
串讲翻译:通过文本的疏通,为学生理解课文扫清障碍。
问题探究:展开教师、学生、作者和文本四者之间的对话,理清“志”、“力”、“物”之间的关系,从而理解作者所阐发的人生哲理。
我将结合作者因事见理、叙议结合等写作手法进行教学。引导学生诵读、齐读、品味,力争能通过这三方面使学生领会作者所阐发的“深思慎取”的道理并培养能力。
(一)导入
同学们,南朝刘勰说过:“登山则情满于山,观海则意溢于海。”山水之乐在于陶冶性情,也在于一山一水给我们诸多的联想与点滴的感慨,你们也会有这样的体验吧?
《游褒禅山记》教案篇十
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇十一
尊敬的老师,各位同学。今天我说课的篇目是《游褒禅山记》,为了更好的体现我的教学设计,我将从以下几个方面进行说课。
《游褒禅山记》是人教版高中语文必修第三册第五单元的第二篇课文,选自《临川先生文集》,作者是北宋著名的政治家、文学家王安石。
《游褒禅山记》这篇课文记叙了王安石和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。游记立意超卓,指向鲜明,言简而意丰,言近而旨永。学习本文具有很强的现实意义。
高二学生虽然掌握了一定的文言文阅读能力,但由于人生阅历的缺乏和知识结构的不完善,对文章所阐发的人生哲理的领会有一定的困难,因此,这节课我的教学设计是通过疏通文本,学习文中文言文知识,从而领会作者阐述的“深思慎取”的道理。
根据新课程标准要求,再结合本单元的特点和学生的实际情况,我把本节课的三维教学目标确定为:
知识与能力目标:
①掌握文中的重点文言实词、虚词、词类活用现象和特殊的文言句式。
②熟读背诵,培养学生阅读文言文的能力。
过程与方法目标:学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。
情感态度与价值观目标:领会治学处世须坚定意志,并且要深思慎取的道理。再次,我来说说教学重点和难点:
高中课程标准对文言文教学的要求是不必对艺术特色等做过多的分析,因此,我把本课的教学重点确定为:掌握文中的重点文言实词、虚词、词类活用和特殊的文言句式。体会从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。教学难点为:掌握文章说理深刻、章法严谨的写作特点和领会本文所阐述的道理。
高中语文课程标准倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式,教学过程应重视学生的实践活动,引导学生主动地获取知识,全面提高学生的语文能力。据此,我准备采用以下教学方法实施教学:
(一)、朗读法:使学生在朗读中感知课文,理解课文。
(二)、讨论点拨法:从不同角度巧设疑,启发学生思考,让学生自主解决疑问,把握课文内容。
(三)、情景激励法、分析法等。针对重、难点,逐个层次分析,使学生把握重点,突破难点。
这样,就从学生的实际出发,从学生的心理特征和知识水平出发,激发他们的学习热情,培养发现、探究、解决问题的.能力,为他们以后的学习奠定坚实的基础。
再来说学法:
新教学大纲明确指出:“要重视学生的实践活动,让学生在教学过程中主动学习、探究。要重视师生的语言交际和心灵沟通。”据此,我确定了以下学法及能力培养:
1、圈点、勾画、批注的方法。
2、参照注解,动口动脑,培养学生自己获取知识的能力。3、尝试对古代散文做一点评析。
基于以上考虑,根据教指导学,为了学,服务于学的指导思想,我准备采用以下的教学步骤来达到教学目的。根据课文的内容我安排了两课时。
第一课时
1、导入新课:
人们常说“良好的开端是成功的一半”又说“兴趣是最好的老师”。所以导入新课就显得十分的重要,为了激发学生的学习兴趣,我将利用多媒体手段展示相关的风光图片以及作者的游程来达到目的。
2、释题和背景、作者介绍,帮助同学了解一些文学常识。
3、阅读文章,疏通文意。
在这里我将采取的步骤是:自主学习,小组讨论,教师点拨。通过朗读法、讨论点拨法来帮助同学了解文章大意,让学生结合课下注释,自主阅读课文,要求读准字音,读出节奏,读懂文意;遇有读不通的地方,提出疑问,在小组内交流讨论,合作探究,或查找资料,请教老师。了解了文章大意就有利于后面教学环节的进行。
第二课时主要就进入课文分析:
1、首先我将引导学生自读前两段然后以提问方式考查学生对文章的理解情况。其次重点分析第三、四段。通过游山的“所得”,重点把握作者的观点“尽吾志”,以及由此而进一步提出的“深思”和“慎取”。详细分析作者是怎样得出“深思而慎取”的道理。这个环节中我运用了朗读法、讨论点拨法,这样能带动课堂气氛和体现课堂上学生的主体性。最后略讲第五段内容。
2、总结扩展:
中心思想。(这篇游记叙述作者和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。)
写作特色。(因事见理、叙议结合,重点突出、详略得当,结构严密、前后照应)
心得交流。(各人用一句话说说自己学习本文后的感想)
3、布置作业:
背诵课文,让学生自主整理文中一词多义,古今异义,词类活用和特殊句式现象。
一篇好的板书设计能体现本节课的教学思路,教学重难点,有益于学生学习。我采用的是提纲式的板书设计,以简洁的文字,体现了课文的内容,以板书为提纲带动各个教学环节,利于学生背诵、理解。整个板书设计构成统一的整体,让学生在逻辑思维和形象思维的结合中完成本节课的教学任务。
附板书:《游褒禅山记》王安石
记叙记山(山→院→洞→碑)
游洞(前洞→后洞)
议论怠出而悔有志、力、物
漫灭谬传深思慎取
因事见理、叙议结合重点突出、详略得当结构严密、前后照应
以上就是我说课的全部内容,包括教材、学情、教学目标和重难点、教学方法、教学过程以及板书设计。我的说课完毕,谢谢大家!
《游褒禅山记》教案篇十二
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇十三
《游褒禅山记》是人教版高中语文第三册第五单元的讲读课文。本单元的四篇课文都属于唐宋散文。单元教学目标是理解文章所总结的历史教训以及所阐发的人生哲理了解几种常见的词类活用现象,积累文言知识,进而培养学生阅读浅显文言文的能力。
《游褒禅山记》是宋代政治家文学家王安石的名作。表面上看,本文是一篇游记,其实是借题发挥的议论文。本文的最大特点是记叙、议论相结合,记叙为议论服务。作者先记叙了自己游山洞的经历。山洞“深”“难”“奇”,因有人“怠而欲出”,自己随之而出,所以不能“极夫游之乐”。接着,作者转入议论,“夫夷以近,则游者众;险以远,则至者少。而世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观,常在于险远,而人之所罕至焉。”这样就把人分成两类,只有那些不畏艰险沿着崎岖的山路勇敢攀登的人,才有希望到达光辉的顶点。这个道理不仅仅适用于游览爬山,也适用于一切工作。王安石深知,欲达险远,首先需要立志,这是主观条件。没有远大志向就永远到达不了“险远”。有了志,就要持之以恒,有主见,不随波逐流。否则,也不能到达“险远”。在此基础上,自身还要有足够的力量。以上三个方面,志、恒、力都是攀登者自身具备的条件,可谓内部条件。然而到了“幽暗昏惑”之处,如果“无物以相之”,也不能到达。只有内外条件都具备,才能欣赏到无限风光。
课文的教学重点是积累文言知识,领悟文章所阐发的人生哲理,教学难点是学习作者叙议结合的技巧。
《语文教学大纲》对文言文阅读的要求是:诵读古典诗词和浅易文言文,背诵一定数量的名篇。掌握课文中常见的文言实词、文言虚词和文言句式,能理解词句含义,读懂课文,学习用现代观念审视作品的内容和思想倾向。大纲在语文教学目的阐述中还有这样的话:“要进一步培养学生热爱祖国语言文字,热爱中华优秀文化的感情,培养高尚的审美情趣和一定的审美能力……”,这也是与文言文教学密切相关的。
根据《大纲》的要求,高考《考试说明》对古代诗文的阅读作了三个递进层次的要求:①理解(能力层级b):理解常见文言实词在文中的含义;理解常见文言虚词虚词在文中的用法;理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法;②分析综合(能力层级c);筛选并提取文中的重要信息;归纳内容要点,概括中心思想,分析作者在文中的观点态度。③鉴赏评价(能力层级e);鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧,评价文学作品的思想内容。
新教材在文言教学编排上有明显的“两重一轻”倾向,“两重”是指重视诵读,重视积累;“一轻”指轻篇章的琐屑分析。这一倾向从新教材的课后练习设计可明显看出来。我个人非常认同这种倾向,因为读背是“理解、内化、学以致用”的基础环节,是积累语言,澡雪精神,形成学生综合语文素养的重要途径。
根据教学大纲,分析本文特点,结合学生实际,特确定如下教学目标:
1、熟读并背诵课文,积累整理重要的文言知识。
2、体会本文笔墨清淡而情意缠绵动人的特色。
新课程的核心理念就是通过语文教学过程中的文本研习、问题探究、活动体验等多种形式,帮助学生提高综合的语文素养,形成正确的情感态度价值观。为此,我主要采用“反复诵读法”和“问题探究”的教学方法。
通过反复诵读,熟悉并理解课文内容,积累文言知识,感悟文章的思想性和艺术性。通过问题探究,展开教师、学生、作者和文本四者之间的对话,构建师生间和谐平等、互动对话的语文课堂。
(一)导入新课,激发兴趣
1、导入设计
在初中,我们学过《醉翁亭记》、《岳阳楼记》,“记”是一种文体,指游记。游记的共同点是什么呢?(明确:抓住山川风物的特点,表现山水之美,抒发作者感情。)今天我们要学习的这篇游记,却不以表现山水之美为主,而是在记游的基础上,进行大量的议论,议论是文章的中心,而记叙只是一个引子。这篇游记就是北宋散文家王安石的《游褒禅山记》(板书)。那么作者借助游褒禅山,阐发了怎样的道理呢?下面就来学习这篇文章。
2、文学常识
王安石(1021——1086),字介甫,晚号半山,卒谥文。北宋临川人,政治家、思想家、文学家。仁宗庆历二年中进士,嘉祐三年上万言书,提出变法主张。在文学上也有很高的成就,他博古好问,不迷信子古人,主张为文要有“补于世”,散文雄健峭拔,诗歌遒劲清新,诗文思想同政治主张是一致的。著作收入《临川先生文集》。
(二)熟读课文,感知内容。
1、自由朗读课文,圈点勾画重点虚词、实词和特殊文言句式;标注出疑难字句。
2、师生交流,质疑释疑,完成对课文的翻译,熟悉课文内容。
(三)研读文本,问题探究
1、速读全文,概括每段大意。(整体把握内容)
明确:第1段——山名考证;第2段——游华山洞;
第3段——游洞心得:第4段——观碑心得;第5段——同游者谁
2、古人在游记中写感受常会用一两句话来概括全文的主旨。如《醉翁亭记》中的“醉翁之意不在酒,在乎山水之间也”,如《岳阳楼记》中的“先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐”。本文点明主旨的是哪句?为什么?
明确:①登山游洞的感受——尽吾志而不能至者,可以无悔矣。
②对于仆碑的感受——学者不可以不深思而慎取之也。
3、华山前后洞各有什么特点,游人的情况怎样?
4、朗读第3段,想一想要想领略到奇伟瑰怪非常之观,必须具备哪些条件,其中最为重要和可贵的是哪一点?
明确:有志,有力,有物。其中最重要的是“志”
5、结合你读这一段的启发,谈谈怎样才能成就一番事业。
6、课文的第一段和第四段有什么关联?
7、有人认为王安石针对“仆碑”提出“深思而慎取之”的观点,游离于主题之外。结合王安石的处境,谈谈你的观点。
明确:表面上看好像冲淡了文章的主题,细细琢磨,作者把这一小段放在大段议论之后写是有深意的。“仆碑”虽“仆”,毕竟是“碑”,但“其文漫灭”,谬种流传,不得识其真面目。学者不应该被表面现象所迷惑,应追根溯源,求其本质。王安石变法,有成功的可能,也有失败的危险,中国向来有“成者王侯,败者寇”的说法,一旦变法失败,王安石能否得到一个客观公正的评价呢?王安石的担心不是没有道理。不是有人称王安石为“*人”吗?王安石壮志未酬,他成了后世毁誉交织、争论最多、分歧最大、盖棺难定论的人物。仇视王安石的人极尽诬蔑栽赃之能事,欲“漫灭其文”。由此看来,“学者不可以不深思而慎取之”,这是多么令人惊心的话语啊!由此而知王安石洞悉人生。
(四)艺术特色
本文在记游的基础上说理,记叙和议论紧密结合,前后照应。
(五)整理文言知识:
1、古今异义,如:
(1)盖予所至,比好游者尚不能十一(2)而世之奇伟瑰怪非常之观,常在于险远
(3)此所以学者不可以不深思而慎取之也(4)所谓华山洞者,以其乃华山之阳名之也
2、词类活用,如:
(1)唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址(2)余之力尚足以入,火尚足以明也
(3)至于幽暗昏惑而无物以相之(4)问其深,则其好游者不能穷也
(5)以其乃华山之阳名之也(6)有泉侧出
3、一词多义,见课后练习二
4、特殊句式,如:
(1)今所谓慧空禅院者,褒之庐冢也。(判断句)
(2)所谓华山洞者,以其乃华山之阳名之也(判断句)
(3)唐浮图慧褒始舍于其址(状语后置)
(4)古人之观于天地、山川、草木、虫鱼、鸟兽(状语后置)
(五)布置作业
背诵课文,完成课后练习二、三
《游褒禅山记》教案篇十四
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇十六
今天我要说的是《游褒禅山记》复习,现依据教学大纲、考纲、教材、学情对本课的教学目标、教学方法的制定及教学程序的设计等方面作如下说明:
(一)关于大纲
能借助注释和工具书,读懂文言课文的基本内容,了解课文中常见文言实词的含义和常见文言虚词的用法,以及与现代汉语不同的文言句式。能结合教材中的古代诗文了解相关的文化常识,丰富文化积累。
(二)关于考纲
据《大纲》要求,高考《考试说明》对文言文要求是:1.正确认读基本篇目的字音,读清句读。2.理解基本篇目中常见文言实词、文言虚词的含义及用法。3.理解并能够用现代汉语翻译基本篇目中的重要文言语句。4.理解基本篇目的思想内容及作者在文中的观点态度。
(三)关于教材
<<中等职业学校国家审定教材>>第二册教材中的第三单元,单元训练重点就是读清句读,了解文言句式的知识,理解文章所阐发的人生哲理
(四)关于学情
此前,学生学习文言文已经有了初中三年的学习经验,上了高中后又掌握了不少的文言知识。因此,学生学习这篇浅易的文言文并不会感到特别的吃力。而这节课又是复习课,对于一些学生易掌握的知识可略说,而对于平时的易错的要重点说,要说透。对于一些知识点进行归纳,迁移,传授学生记忆方法。
1、知识目标——学习本文中名词活用为动词、形容词活用为动词的用法。了解文言虚词“其”的意义与用法。学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。
2、能力目标——熟读背诵,培养学生阅读文言文的能力。
3、情感目标——领会治学处世皆须坚定意志,并且要深思慎取的道理。
教学重点:
重点:1、掌握重点文言词的意义、用法,古今词义的区别及特殊的文言句式。虚词“其”的用法。
2.通过合作讨论、课文叙议结合的特点,理解叙述与议论的内在逻辑联系
难点:理解《游褒禅山记》所阐述的道理
(一)学法
高二学生对文言文阅读已具备了一些基础知识和积累,但对如何学习文言文,还是一个新课题,因此教师应引导学生掌握学习方法,运用已有的知识框架同化新信息,建立新的智能,逐步走向独立学习的境界。
1、比较法
本文是一篇游记,可与学过的旧课文进行联系比较。教学中,通过回顾初中的学过《醉翁亭记》、《岳阳楼记》进行比较,加深了解游记这种文体特点。帮助学生突破难点。
2、讨论法
作为一节复习课,学生可讨论,可充分发挥学生学习的主动性,调动学生思考、交流的积极性,通过讨论,学生加深对本课词类活用,特殊句式的掌握,培养学生发现问题、解决问题的能力。
3、练习法
这是巩固知识、发展能力的有效方法,关键在一个“精”字。“练”不求“多”,应求“精”,要用最少的练习巩固学生的知识,我设计了课堂练笔练习,重点巩固,当堂“消化”。
(二)教法
1、点拨法
所谓“点”就是点击要害,抓重点;所谓“拨”,就是拨疑难,排障碍。此法能充分发挥教师的主导性和学生的主体性。我主要点拨的是词类活用,句子的翻译
2、迁移法、归纳法
鼓励学生及时归纳学习文言文的方法,注意积累文言文知识。
3、提问法
课堂上需要师生互动
以复习初中所学两篇游记的文体知识导入,了解游记这种文体知识,理解文章的主旨,然后通过课件展现,帮助学生复习巩固字音,字意,词类活用,特殊句式。对于学生回答中出现的问题进行点拨,释疑。对一些知识点进行归纳。例如“其”的用法。在疏通字音、字意的基础上理解文章的结构,领会本文所阐述的道理。学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。
阅读文言文的能力,知识点的掌握还需要一定练习来巩固,我布置了《单招零距离》p86-p88的练习
板书是一堂课的精华所在。我设计的板书如下:
1节:山名考证
记叙山—院—碑
2节:游华山洞
前洞:平旷、游者众
后洞:幽深、罕至
3节:游洞心得
议论
4节:观碑心得
《游褒禅山记》教案篇十七
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《游褒禅山记》教案篇十八
《游褒禅山记》是高中语文第二册第五单元课文。现依据教学大纲、考纲、教材、学情对本课的教学目的、教学法的制定及教学程序的设计等方面作如下说明。
1、教材简析
《游褒禅山记》是北宋著名的政治家、文学家王安石的一篇力作。这篇游记,叙述他和几位同伴游褒禅山的经过,并借此生发议论,说明要实现远大理想,成就一番事业,除了要有一定的物质条件外,更需要有坚定的志向和顽强的毅力,并提出治学必须采取“深思而慎取”的态度。游记立意超卓,指向鲜明,言简而意丰,言近而旨永。
2、教学目标的定位
(1)知识目标
学习本文中名词活用为动词、形容词活用为动词的用法。了解文言虚词“以”、“其”的意义与用法。学习本文从记游到议论,即事明理的写作方法。
(2)能力目标
熟读背诵,培养学生阅读文言文的能力。学习叙议结合,因事说理的写作手法。
(3)情感目标
领会“意志”、“ 深思慎取”对学习、生活、工作的重要意义。
3、教学重点
一、重点积累名、曰、文、进、奇、好、出、极、观、求、险等文言实词的意义。
二、掌握虚词“以”、“其”的意义与用法。
三、判断句、陈述句、反问句等常见文言句式
4、教学难点的突破
一、掌握文章说理深刻、章法严谨的写作特点。
二、领会本文所阐述的道理。
1、点拨法:蔡澄清先生大力倡导的语文点拨教学法是根据中国汉语文的特点,针对中学生学习语的实际,为落实启发式教学原则而采取的一种教法。所谓“点拨”,就是教师针对学生学习过程中存在的知识障碍、思维障碍与,运用画龙点睛和排除故障的方法,启发学生脑筋。自己进行思考与研究,寻找解决问题的途径的方法。简单说,所谓“点”就是点击要害,抓重点;所谓“拨”就是拨疑难,排障碍。“点拨法”能充分发挥教师的主导性和学生的主体性。在学习《游褒禅山记》中,我主要点拨的是准确理解词语含义的几种方法,使学生学会“猜”,从而提高阅读文言文能力。
2、归纳法。从上学期开始,我一直对常见实词、虚词的意义用法进行系统归纳,使所学知识系统化,网络化,既便于记忆,又便于运用。如《游褒禅山记》一文的第二课时,我主要运用归纳法,归纳“文”“盖”“道”三个实词义项及 “乃”“然”“其”三个虚词用法
3、教学方法的优化组合
情境法———激发学生的学习兴趣
诵读法———古诗文需要熟读背诵。
小组合作法———文言文需要小组协作。
提问法———课堂上需要师生互动。
讨论法———课堂上需要活跃气氛。
反馈法———新知识需要及时整理。
练习法———教学上需要精讲多练。
1、学生的情况
此前,学生学习文言文已经有了初中三年的学习经验,上了高中后也掌握了不少的文言知识。因此,学生学习这篇浅易的文言文并不会感到特别的吃力,但是部分文言字词的读音、句读、释义依然会对高一学生存在一定的挑战。
2、学法的指导
高一学生对文言文阅读已具备了一些基础知识和积累,但对如何学习文言文,还是一个新课题,因此教师应引导学生掌握学习方法,运用已有的知识框架同化新信息,建立新的智能,逐步走向独立学习的境界。
1、 诵读法。这是学习文言文最基础、最重要的方法,也是最有效的方法。诵读能在感知言语声音形态的同时,实现对文本的感悟理解。言语声音形态与情味的关系是极其密切的,从感知的直接性来说,文字不如声音彻底、深刻、细腻。
2、圈点法。使用各种圈点勾画符号阅读文言文,也是古人一种重要的读书方法。这也是需要学生掌握的一种常见的阅读方法。
3、猜读法。哥德曼认为,阅读过程并非一个精确知觉的过程和系列加工的过程,而是一个选择的过程和预期的过程,阅读是一种语言心理学的猜测游戏。在学生掌握了一定数量的文言词汇后,碰到难词时,教师应引导点拨学生大胆猜测,在小心求证的基础上准确把握词在文中的含义。
4、归纳法
高二游褒禅山记语文说课稿鼓励学生及时归纳学习文言文的方法,注意积累文言文知识,这也是一个消化吸收的过程。
(一)教学环节与设计思路
(叶圣陶先生说过,教材就是一个例子,第一篇课文我是详讲、细讲,后面的课文,学生在把握方法的基础上以自学为主)所以本课的教学我安排了四课时,教学环节共分三关即诵读关、通义关、悟志关,其中诵读关解决这样几个教学任务:读准字音、读准句读;通义关主要把握文章的大义、重点实词的含义、重点虚词的用法、文言句式及特殊用法的整理;悟志关在前两关的基础上重点引导学生自主发现文本中的人文内涵及其对现实生活的指导意义,包括文章的自然游览的路线、④“有志矣……不能至也”推开一层,点出“力”,照应上文“余之力尚足以入”。
⑤“有志与力……不能至也”再推开一层,点出“物以相之”,照应上文“火尚足以明也”。
⑥“然力足以至……讥之乎”——用推理导出最重要的结论(即本文主旨),作者正意只在“尽吾志也而不能至者,可以无悔矣”这句话上。前有反衬,后有反问,语势节节上升。
⑦“此余之所得也”——总收一笔。
2、教师领读。
也要提示学生考虑如何划分层次。
3、学生分层练习背诵。
可分两层:第一层(开头到“故非有志者不能至也”)从“求思之深而无不在(心)”导出立志的重要性;第二层(“有志矣”到段末)阐述“尽吾志”的观点。
〔提示〕这一段逻辑性很强,作者的推理过程明显,行文又处处跟前一段相照应——所有这些都在语气上反映出来。因此,本段使用虚词的频率较高。要提示学生注意“焉”“也”“夫”“则”“而”“故”“矣”“然”“其”“乎”等虚词在表达语气上的作用;必要时教师应二遍三遍地领读。这是本文思想内容的重点,也是诵读的重点。这段能否诵读得顺畅,是衡量这篇课文教学成败的主要标准。
4、检查背诵。
可以采取三种方式:(1)全班学生齐背;(2)抽查个别学生背诵;(3)分别默写若干句。后两种方式可以同步进行。
5、指点与答疑。
①“古人之观于天地……”意思就是“古人观察天地”。“之”,助词,无义,有舒缓语气作用。“于”,这里表示观察的对象,译成现代语时可省略。
②“险”,这里用的是本义,即“高山”,因为后洞在山上。“夷”,指平地,说的是前洞地势。
③“至于幽暗昏惑”中的“至于”是实词性词组,意思是“到了……的地方”。
④“尽吾志也而不能至者”中的“也”,在一般情况下可省,但此处不能省,它表示肯定的语气,意思是确实尽了自己最大的努力。
⑤“此余之所得也”:这是特殊形式的判断句,读时“此”后应作一顿。
1、连贯背诵第1至3段,准备背诵第4段。
2、绘作者游踪示意图。(据第一、二段绘制)。
3、整理“之”“以”二字的用法。