范文为教学中作为模范的文章,也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考,也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗?下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文,希望能够帮助到大家,我们一起来看一看吧。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇一
welcome to the temple of heaven. (after self-introduction) preserved cultural heritages of china. there are basically two kinds of visitors who come here: local pensioners who do exercises here in the morning and evening and sightseers both from home and abroad. all in all ,there are 12 million visitors very year. now we are going to go along the route that leads to the alter. it will take roughly one hour. mind you ,the emperor also walked along this route to pay tribute to the god of heaven.
the largest group of architectures ever to be dedicated to heaven ,the temple of heaven served as an exclusive altar for chinese monarchs during the ming and qing dynasties. it was decreed that rulers of successive dynasties would place altars in their own capitals to worship heaven and pray for good harvest. but why ?
the ancient chinese believed that heaven was the supreme ruler of the universe and the fate of mankind,and thus worshiping rites dedicated to heaven came into being.
the heaven the ancient chinese referred to was actually the universe, or nature. in those days, there were specfic rites of worship. this was especially true during the ming and qing dynasties when elaborate ceremonies were held.
the temple of heaven was built in 1420 during the reign of emperor youngle of the ming dynasty. situated in the southern part of the city ,this grand set of structures covers an area of 273 hectares. to better symbolize heaven and earth ,the northern part of the temple is circular while the southern part is square .the whole compound is enclosed by two walls, a square wall outside a round one. the outer area is characterized by suburban scenery, while the inner part is used for sacrifices. the inner enclosure consists of the hall of prayer for good harvest and the circular mound altar.
the circular mound altar is enclosed by two walls ,each containing four groups of southern lattice star gate, each in turn consisting of three doors, with 24 marble doors altogether. standing on the passage facing north, you will notice that with each pair of doors on is narrower than the other. this reflects the feudal hierarchy: the wider door was reserved for monarchs, while the narrower one was used by courtiers.
on the day of the ceremony ,the emperor would don his ritual costume and be ushered in by the official in charge of religious affairs. he ascended the three terraces in the forefront to pay tribute at the alter.
we are now on the top terrace of the altar, or the third terrace .each terrace has a flight of 9 steps. at the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 steps. at the center of this terrace lies a round stone surrounded by 9 concentric rings of stone. the number of stones in the first ring is 9, in the second ,18, up to 81 in the 9th ring. even the number of carved balustrades on these terraces is a multiplee of 9. but why?
according to ancient chinese philosophy, yin and yang were two opposing factors. heaven and the odd numbers belonged to yang while the earth and even numbers belonged to yin. nine was the largest heavenly number accessible to man . what is more, the ancient people also believed that heaven consisted of nine layers and that the emperor` s abode was on the uppermost tier.
once more look at the round stone in the center. the upper terrace is nine zhang (a chinese unit of length, one zhang equals 3.3 meters ) in circumference ,while the middle is 15 zhang, the lower,21 zhang. classified as yang numbers, the sum of these numerals is 45 zhang which was meant to symbolized success. what is more, by applying the concept of odd numbers and strengthening nine and its multiples, the concept of heaven was thus illustrated and realized . the concept of nine will also be mentioned when we visit some other buildings.
now i will give you a brief account of what happened here annually on the inter solstice. the memorial tablet dedicated to heaven would be set up on the north side of the terrace, while tablets dedicated to the emperor `s ancestors would be enshrined on the flanks. the service would begin around 4 o` clock in the morning. all of the lanterns would be lit .in the foreground, a sacrificial calf is being barbecued. on the square in front of the altar, the emperor, under heavy escort of nearly a thousand courtiers, princes of royal blood ,musicians, dancers and uniformed soldiers, would slowly ascend the altar to offer sacrifice and pray in honor of heaven. when the service drew to a close ,the sacrifice offered in front of the memorial tablets would be incinerated .all of participants would watch the thick smoke rise upward as if they were seeing god off .music and dancing would follow .in the end ,the emperor would return to the forbidden city secure in the belief that he would be blessed and protected by heaven until the next winter solstice.
it is interesting to note that ,the stone in the very middle of the altar was of major importance ,since it was where the emperor used to stand to say his prayer. the stone ,which is known as the god`s heart stone, is peculiar in that it is characterized by a specific acoustic phenomenon: it made the emperor` s voice clearer and louder, thus adding to the mystic atmosphere of the service .you can try this out by yourself. (proceed northward to pass through the lattice stargate)
this structure is known as heaven` s storehouse. it is entered through the gate of glazed tiles. the roofing,beams, and brackets are all made of glazed tiles or bricks. this is the only structure of its kind in china today .
the heaven` s storehouse was where memorial tablets dedicated to the gods were kept. douglas hurd, a former british foreigh secretary ,once said , “god attends to his affairs on the cir4cular mound altar but stays here. ” now let` s go in to to see it (go through the left side door)
(in the courtyard of heaven` s storehouse)this is the imperial vault of heaven, the main structure of heaven` s storehouse. it was built in 1530 and is 17 meters in height and 19 meters in diameter. the structure feature blue roofs topped by a gilded ball ,and carved wooden doors and windows. it is decorated with colored paintings. founded on a 3-meter-hign round marble terrace ,the building also features a gigantic carved marble ramp laid in the stone staircase leading up to the front entrance.. the ramp is carved in “two dragons playing with a pearl ” design in relief. we will enter the main hall by going up the stone staircase on the eastern side.
the arch of the hall is buttressed by 16 giant pillars on two rings. on top of the pillars there are gilt brackets supporting a circular caisson ,or covered ceiling .the ceiling is characterized by a golden coiling dragon design. the 8 pillar of the inner ring are painted scarlet and decorated with golden lotuses.
to the north of the hall there is a marble pedestal. atop it ,up a wooden flight of 9 steps, is where the major tablet dedicate to heaven was enshrined. on each flank four tablets are enshrined in honor of the ancestors of the qing emperors. in the annex hall in hornor of the ancestors of the qing emperors. in the annex halls in the courtyard, there are tablets dedicated to the deities of the sun, moon ,constellation, cloud ,rain, wind and thunder.
aside from exquisitely laid out architectures, heaven` s storehouse is also famous for two structures with peculiar acoustic features, i. e. the echo wall and the triple- sound stone. a mere whisper at any point close to the wall can be heard clearly on the other side, although the parties may be 40 or 50 meters apart. this is possible because the wall is round and hermetically constructed with smooth ,solid bricks.
in front of the steps leading away from the halls is the triple sound stone. if you stand on the first stone and call out or clap your hands, the sound will echo once; on the second stone, the sound will be heard twice; and on the third stone, the sound will repeat three times. hence the name. (go out through the right door and stroll along the circular path nor thward)
the temple of heaven is also famous for its cypress trees-there are more than 60,000 cypress trees in all,among which over 4,000 are more than one hundred years old ,adding to the solemn atmosphere of the temple .this tall cypress was planted more than 500 years ago. its thick branches and twisting trunk resembling nine coiling playful dragons; thus it is known as the nine-dragon cypress. it is said that this tree was here to welcome the monarchs. now it is here to welcome visitor from all over the world.
now we are back again on the central axis. this brick-arched gate is known as chengzhen (adopting fidelity) .this gate is the northern gate of the circular mound altar and the hall of prayer for good harvest. the hall of prayer for good harvest is situated at the extreme end of the axis. it was used by the emperor in the first month of every lunar year for services dedicated to good harvest.
entering the hall of prayer for good harvest, we set foot on a raised passage 360 meters long, which the emperor also took to proceed to the hall. this broad north-south walkway, called danbiqiao (red stairway bridge), connects the two sets of main building in the temple of heaven and constitutes a single axis.
the passage is spanided into left, control and right paths by the cross arrangement of slabs. the central and the widest path is known as heavenly thoroughfare , which was reserved exclusively for god; nobody, including the emperor, was allowed to set foot onto it . the emperor used the path on the east,which is known as the imperial walk. the ministers and princes used the one on the west .interesting enough ,there is no walkway left for ordinary people. this is because the temple of heaven used to be off-limits to them.
contrary to appearances, this walkway is not a bridge at all . but how so ? this road is 4 meters above the ground and there is a cavern underneath that was reserved for sacrificial oxen and sheep. the cattle were slaughtered at a slaughterhouse about 500 meters away and brought here for sacrifice. all in all ,it can be said this walkway did serve as bridge and can be looked upon as the first cloverleaf in beijing.
looking back at the thoroughfare, you may realize that this walk is gaining height toward its northern end. as people approach the architectural group of the hall of prayer for good harvest, the flanking groves of cypress recede and perspective widens. here you are in heaven.
the marble terrace up ahead is called jufutai, or costumechanging terrace. it is located to the east of the red stairway bridge and covers a space of 25 square meters .it has marble slab balustrades. the day before the service ,officials in charge would put up a yellow satin tent on the terrace for the emperor to change out of his yellow dragon robe into blue ceremonial clothes. after the service,the emperor would return to the tentand change back into his imperial robe before returning to the palace. (proceed to the south gate of the hall of prayer for good harvest)
this structure is called the gate of pray for good harvest. we can catch a slight glimpse of the central building ,the hall of prayer for good harvest, though the colonnade of the gate. a gigantic and lofty group of buildings, the complex includes the gate of prayer for good harvest, the hall of prayer for good harvest, eastern and western annex halls ,the huanqian (imperial heaven) long corridor, heaven kitchen, slaughterhouse, etc.
the annex halls were symmetrically built on a 1.5-meter-hignbrick-and-marble terrace ,to set off the loftiness and magnificence of the main hall .this unique building ,38 meters in height, is characterized by a cone-shaped structure with triple eaves and a top that is crowned by a gilt ball. the roofing is made of blue glazed tiles, the color of the sky .underneath the roof, the beams and bracket are decorated with colored paintings. the base of the structure is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace. at a distance, the terrace looks like a gigantic, spiraling cloud with the structure perched on top of it .
today the hall of prayer for good harvest is the hallmark of beijing, which enjoys a prolonged history of civilization.
the base of the hall is a triple-tiered, circular marble terrace, which is 90 meters in diameter and 6 meters in height ,covering a space of 4,000 square meters. meticulous accuracy was given to the layout of the structure. in the middle of each three-tiered flight of stairs, there is a giant marble ramp carved in cloud, dragon and phoenix designs. to set off the ramps, the top of the balustrades and downpipes are designed with corresponding floral scrolls. in southern part of each tier, a gigantic bronze incense burner is placed. sandalwood was burnt in them when rites were observed.
(in front of the hall of prayer for good harvest) climbing up this marble terrace, we see the main hall,a masterpiece of ancient china. looking up you will see the caisson, or covered ceiling, characterized by complex designs of dragons and phoenixes. in and out , the hall is decorated with colored drawing of dragons and phoenixes.
without the use of steel ,cement and nail, and even without the use of big beams and crossbeams,the entire structure is supported by 28 massive wooden pillars and number of bars, laths, joints and rafters. the four central pillars, called the dragon-well pillars, are 19.2 meters high and painted with designs of composite followers, representing the four season. there are two rings of 12 scarlet pillars each. the inner ring represents the 12 months and the outer rings the 12 spanisions of the day and night .between the two rings there are 24 partitioned spaces to mark the solar terms of the chinese lunar year. the pillars, 28 in number, also represent the 28 constellations in the universe- the ancient chinese believed that there were 28 constellations that made up the sky.
the center of the stone-paved floor is a round marble slab, which is 88.5 centimeters in diameter. interestingly, the slab features natural black and white veins, corresponding to the dragon-phoenix design on the ceiling. this particular slab is known as the dragon-phoenix stone and is regarded as a treasure inseparable from the hall.
the furnishings within the hall are placed in their original positions dating back to when emperor xianfeng ruled .in the forefront and above the throne are enshrined tablets in commemoration of heaven. on either table on each side tablets of the emperor` s ancestors were placed. each tablet is fronted by an altar. a total of 24 kinds of offering were made on it ,including soup, wine, assorted cereals, and a calf.
the sacrificial rites were observed in the wee hours of the morning, sometime in the first month of the chinese lunar year. because it was still dark, candles, lanterns and torches were lit. this lighting coupled with the incense being burnt inside the hall ,helped make the ceremony both grand and mystical.
by the time the service began,207 musicians and dancers would be performing on platforms outside the hall. the emperor, in his blue sacrificial robe and with an air of piety and sincerity, would walk slowly into the hall, kowtow, and offer wine and prayer in hornor of the deities and his ancestors. all of the offerings would then be taken to incinerators on the eastern side of the gate of prayer for good harvest. with this we conclude our visit to the temper of heaven. the feudal monarchs and their sacrificial rites have long vanished in history .however, this group of magnificent and lofty structures remain as a fine testament of the ancient chinese` s ingenuity and as one of the cultural heritages of mankind.
from the eastern gate of the hall of prayer for good harvest, we have now enter a 300-meter-long corridor. consisting of 72 sections, this corridor served as a connecting building between the slaughterhouse. heaven kitchen, and the main hall ,it is said that this once served as a sacrificial food production line. flanking the corridor are shopping stalls. you may find some souvenirs for your family and friend there.
well ,that is all for this tour. thank you for your attention. i look forward to your next visit. good luck and bon voyage.
北京天坛导游词完整版篇二
我叫任_,是你们这次天坛之旅的导游。此刻我们的车正行驶在去天坛的路上,在那里我先简单地介绍一下天坛。
天坛位于北京城南端,是明清两代祭祀天地之神和祈祷五谷丰登的地方。它的严谨的建筑布局,奇特的建筑结构,瑰丽的建筑装饰,被认为是我国现存的一组最精致、最美丽的古建筑群。天坛不仅仅是中国古建筑中的明珠,也是世界建筑史上的瑰宝。
好了,我们已经到了天坛公园,请大家跟我出发吧!此刻我们看到的是祈年殿。殿高33米,直径24。2米,是昔日北京的最高建筑之一。1751年重建祈年殿,更换蓝瓦金顶。1887年八月二十四日,雷雨交加,祈年殿不幸被击中,焚烧。因楹柱为檀香木,香飘数里!
下面我们来到天坛南半部的圆丘坛,它始建于1530年,坐北朝南,四周绕以红色宫墙。子墙内部各有一大门,每座门上题有满汉合壁门额。内中央处,就是祭天台(也叫拜天台),即圆丘台。
咦,不知大家是否注意到,自从我们进入天坛,到处树木葱郁,尤其在南北轴线和建筑群附近,更是古柏参天,树冠相接,把祭坛烘托得十分肃穆。
好了,我的介绍到那里就结束了,下面大家能够自由参观。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇三
各位游客,你们好!今天我们要参观的是以前皇帝祭天的地方——天坛。
天坛是明朝永乐皇帝建成的祭天圣坛,主建筑是大祀殿,也就是今天的祈年殿。天坛有外坛墙和内坛墙,北圆南方,寓意天圆地方。乾隆年间,将大祀殿改为现在的祈年殿,将屋顶瓦片改成蓝色的琉璃瓦,形成了今天我们看到的这个世界上最大的祭天建筑群。
这一祭天圣地,在1860年遭到了英法联军的洗劫,1900年又遭到八国联军的蹂躏。新中国成立以后,这里成了著名的旅游景点,来这里的除了旅游者,还有很多健身的人们。
现在就让我们沿着当年皇帝登坛的路线开始游览。
现在我们是沿着天坛建筑的中轴线在向南行进,将要看到的就是古代皇帝祭天的圜丘坛。圜丘有两道围护墙,外方内圆,符合天圆地方的说法。每道墙都有四组门,大家可以注意到,门的大小都不一样,这是因为中门是上帝专用的,所以高大;皇帝只能从左侧的门进入;而其他的官员只能从右边最小的门通过。
来到圜丘坛下,我们马上要开始登坛了,不过要请您留心数一数,每层坛面都有多少台阶。到了最高层,大家会发现,坛上所有的台阶数,都是九或者九的倍数。这些难道都是巧合么?当然不是,因为古人认为九是极阳数,所以工匠们便用这个数字来赋予圜丘坛“崇高”之意。
说完了神坛的奇妙,我再给您介绍一下祭天大典的盛况。
到了每年的冬至,皇帝就要在这里祭天。在这个典礼上,需要特别提到的是皇帝恭读祝文所站立的地方,就是这块天心石。它是天坛三大声学现象之一。在这里朗读的时候声音特别洪亮,各位游客不妨体验一下,也像当年的皇帝一样,向上天诉说自己美好的愿望。
现在咱们继续沿着中轴线行走,面前的建筑叫做天库,它的正殿就是皇穹宇。皇穹宇三个字也分别代表了“至高无上”“天”“宇宙”的意思,更加显示出它的神圣和至尊。这组建筑不仅十分精美,而且还有回音壁和三音石,这和刚才我们说的“天心石”合称天坛三大声学现象。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇四
各位游客,你们好!今天我们要参观的是以前皇帝祭天的地方——天坛。
天坛是明朝永乐皇帝建成的祭天圣坛,主建筑是大祀殿,也就是今天的祈年殿。天坛有外坛墙和内坛墙,北圆南方,寓意天圆地方。乾隆年间,将大祀殿改为现在的祈年殿,将屋顶瓦片改成蓝色的琉璃瓦,形成了今天我们看到的这个世界上最大的祭天建筑群。
这一祭天圣地,在1860年遭到了英法联军的洗劫,1920xx年又遭到八国联军的蹂躏。新中国成立以后,这里成了著名的旅游景点,来这里的除了旅游者,还有很多健身的人们。
现在就让我们沿着当年皇帝登坛的路线开始游览。
现在我们是沿着天坛建筑的中轴线在向南行进,将要看到的就是古代皇帝祭天的圜丘坛。圜丘有两道围护墙,外方内圆,符合天圆地方的说法。每道墙都有四组门,大家可以注意到,门的大小都不一样,这是因为中门是上帝专用的,所以高大;皇帝只能从左侧的门进入;而其他的官员只能从右边最小的门通过。
来到圜丘坛下,我们马上要开始登坛了,不过要请您留心数一数,每层坛面都有多少台阶。到了最高层,大家会发现,坛上所有的台阶数,都是九或者九的倍数。这些难道都是巧合么?当然不是,因为古人认为九是极阳数,所以工匠们便用这个数字来赋予圜丘坛“崇高”之意。
说完了神坛的奇妙,我再给您介绍一下祭天大典的盛况。到了每年的冬至,皇帝就要在这里祭天。在这个典礼上,需要特别提到的是皇帝恭读祝文所站立的地方,就是这块天心石。它是天坛三大声学现象之一。在这里朗读的时候声音特别洪亮,各位游客不妨体验一下,也像当年的皇帝一样,向上天诉说自己美好的愿望。
现在咱们继续沿着中轴线行走,面前的建筑叫做天库,它的正殿就是皇穹宇。皇穹宇三个字也分别代表了“至高无上”“天”“宇宙”的意思,更加显示出它的神圣和至尊。这组建筑不仅十分精美,而且还有回音壁和三音石,这和刚才我们说的“天心石”合称天坛三大声学现象。
回音壁就是皇穹宇的外墙,围墙十分平滑,可以传声,在传递途中对声音损失极小,只要对着墙说话,就算相隔四五十米,见不到面,都可以清晰地听到对方说话。
三音石是皇穹宇大殿正前方的三块石头,您站在第一块石头上拍手可以听到一次回音,站在第二块石头上拍手可以听到两次,而站在第三块石头上拍手就可以听到三次回音,所以称为三音石。
在游览过了圜丘坛和皇穹宇之后,我们即将走进祈谷坛了,祈谷坛的主体建筑就是祈年殿,祈年殿是一座极具中国特色的独特建筑。
圆形尖屋顶是用蓝色的琉璃瓦覆盖,以此来象征天。和每年的祭天一样,这里是用来祈谷的地方。在祭祀的当天,有乐队在殿外月台上奏乐,身穿祭服的皇帝虔诚步入神殿,向牌位行大礼,祈祷上苍,然后把供品送到祈年门外焚烧,送上天宫。
现在我们从祈谷坛的东门出来,可以看到一条长廊,是祭祀时运送祭品的通道。
今天的观光游览就要结束了,在天坛的这段时光希望能成为您北京之游中的永恒记忆。同时也请您把天坛的祝福带给您的家人朋友。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇五
各位游客,我们今天所要参观的就是以前皇帝祭天的地方――天坛。明朝永乐皇帝迁都北京以后,在北京南城仿照南京的大祀殿建立了这座用于祭天的圣坛,占地面积达到了273万平方米。主要有五组建筑群,分别是圜丘坛建筑群、祈谷坛建筑群、斋宫建筑群、神乐署和牺牲所建筑群。天坛有外坛墙和内坛墙,北面是圆形,南面是方形,取意天圆地方。在一开始,祭天和祭地都是天坛,直到明嘉靖年间在北城修建了地坛,才分开的,并且新增了圜丘坛,用于孟冬祭天,把原来的大祀殿改为大享殿,专门用于孟春祈谷,当时殿宇屋顶已经是三重檐了,从上至下的蓝黄绿三色瓦分别代表了天地万物。而在乾隆年间,将大享殿改为现在的祈年殿,而将屋顶瓦片都改成了蓝色的琉璃瓦。从而形成了今天我们所看到的这个世界上规模最大、形制最完备的古代祭天建筑群。
可是这样一个祭天圣地,却也曾经在1860年时遭到英法联军的洗劫,继而在1900年的时候又遭到了八国联军的蹂躏。在1916年袁世凯登基的时候也曾经在天坛上演了一出祭天的闹剧。在1918年元旦那天,天坛正式对外开放。1957年,北京市政府公布天坛为北京第一批文物保护单位。1961年,天坛被国务院公布为全国重点文物保护单位。1998年12月,联合国教科文组织将天坛列入《世界遗产名录》。
今日的天坛是历史文化名城北京古都风貌的重要组成部分,坛内的祈年殿已经成为古都北京的象征。
下面就由我带领大家沿着当年皇帝登坛的路线开始此次游览。现在我们正沿着天坛建筑的中轴线向北行进,将要看到的就是古代皇帝祭天的圜丘坛。圜丘外围有两道坛墙,外方内圆,符合天圆地方的说法。两道坛墙的四个正位设棂星门。从东面依次是泰元门、昭亨门、广利门、成贞门,每组三门,共有24座,称为“云门玉立”。大家可以注意到,棂星门的大小都不一样,这是因为中门是皇天上帝专用的,所以高大;皇帝只能从左侧的门进入,这是因为古代以左为尊;而其他的官员只能从右边最小的门通过。这四门的名称出自《易经·乾卦》的卦辞“元亨利贞”。“元”为元始本原,“亨”为无不亨通,“利”为和谐有利,“贞”为正固持久。这四个字本用来赞美天的本质,也称为天之“四德”。而门外的一座平台就是皇帝在祭天大典之前更换祭服和盥洗的地方,叫做具服台。
来到圜丘坛上,发现了,坛上所有的台阶数,护板数都是九或者九的倍数。每登上一层,都要有9层台阶,台面上的石板中间的叫做天心石,外围第一圈砌着9块巨大的扇形石板,第二圈18块,以此类推,到了最外边的第九圈正好是81块;而大家抬头就可以看到的围护板被四面台阶分为四个部分,每个部分也都有9块,而中层的围护板是18块,下层的是27块,因为根据阴阳五行来说,9是极阳数,所以古代的工匠便用这个数字来赋予圜丘台意念上的崇高。
每年的冬至,皇帝就要在这里祭天。在大典前两天,皇帝要在故宫里进行斋戒,而到了第三天,也就是冬至前一天,就要到天坛的斋宫进行斋戒。冬至那天,在日出前七刻,现在的凌晨四点多,奏报时辰,皇帝起驾,斋宫东北角的钟楼开始鸣钟。到具服台盥洗更衣,神牌都送到台面相应的位置,也就是七组神位,称作七幄;在圜丘前燔柴炉上放一只牛犊,用松枝燔烧,西南的望灯杆望灯高悬,点燃蟠龙通宵宝蜡,台南广场上排列着奏乐队,配合着中和韶乐,在文武百官的陪同下,祭天大典就正式开始了,皇帝由南棂星左门登坛,这时钟声停止,到了第二层南侧拜位站好后,听候司赞人报仪程。恭读至皇天上帝的祝文。礼仪结束以后,要将神位前的贡品分别送到燔柴炉和燎炉焚烧,烟雾腾空,象征着送到天庭。而后还要将牛尾、牛毛、牛血送到瘗坎掩埋,象征不忘祖先茹毛饮血之意。在这个典礼上,皇帝站在台面中心的天心石上恭读祝文。天心石又叫亿兆景从石,人间偶语,天闻若雷,说的就是站在天心石上说话,皇天上帝就能清楚的听到,所以皇帝会站在天心石上恭读祝文。天心石是天坛三大声学现象之一。
中国封建统治延续了两千多年,天坛的规划、设计思想,体现了它的合理性。祭天已成为历史的过去,但凝结了古代匠师智慧和血汗的神坛将作为世界遗产永久保护传世。它将为人类文明的进步永远发挥着史料、借鉴和教育三大作用。今天我就为大家讲解这么多了,现在大家可以自由的去公园里看看,请大家注意安全,半个小时后我们在东门集合。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇六
大家好!今天由我来带着大家游玩天坛公园,我叫马思宇,大家也可以叫我马导,现在让我来给大家介绍一下天坛公园。
天坛的美丽景色打动了五湖四海、四面八方的游客,那里的建筑十分壮观、美丽,是不容置疑的世界文化遗产。天坛建于公元15世纪上半叶,坐落在皇家园林当中,四周古松怀抱,是保存完好的坛庙建筑群。
天坛里还有许许多多有趣的建筑呢!
1。祈年殿:祈年殿大家一定不耳生,它可是天坛的代表作呢!原来它是皇帝祈祷五谷丰登的场所,是一座三重檐的圆形大殿,里面刻着精美的图画,最顶上按着一块石头叫龙凤石,可以隐隐约约的看见一条龙和一只凤,到了祈年殿大家可以看一看。祈年殿高38米,直径32。72米,蓝色的琉璃瓦顶,全砖木结构,没有大梁、长檩,全靠28根结实的木柱子和36根枋支撑,是具有高度的艺术价值的艺术品。
2。回音壁:朋友们,我小的时候来这里,我们就去了这里,我在东,爸爸在西,我小声的说了个:“老爸”过来一会儿,我俩会合了,爸爸问我:“你是不是说了个老爸?”我惊奇的答道:“是,你是怎么知道的?”爸爸说:“回音壁是皇穹宇的围墙。墙高3。72米,厚0。9米,圆径61。5米,周长193。32米。围墙的弧度十分规则的。”怎么样?有趣吧!不信的话到那里试一试吧!
3。圜丘坛:圜丘坛是皇帝举行祭天大礼的地方,站在它的最上层中央的圆石上,虽小声说话,却显得十分洪亮。还有台面上墁嵌九重天。即第一重日天,第二重月天,第三重金星天,第四重木星天,第五重水星天,第六重火星天,第七重土星天,第八重二十八宿天,第九重宗天。“
怎么样?大家一定迫不及待了吧!听了我的介绍大家一定对天坛有了一定的了解吧!不过我的口下可说不完天坛的美丽和炫丽,还需要大家去细细游赏!祝大家玩的开心!我们一会儿见!
北京天坛导游词完整版篇七
亲爱的游客们,大家好!我叫王_ ,大家可以叫我王导。我是你们的导游,请大家跟好我的脚步,我们今天的景点是北京举世闻名的天坛。
下面我们来到了天坛的祈年殿。祈年殿是天坛最早的建筑物,殿有33米高大约11层楼房那么高。1887年八月二十四日,雷雨交加,祈年殿不幸被击中,烧毁。因柱为檀香木,香飘数里。
下面我们已经到达“天库”了,“天库里有三音石,”它就在黄穹宇里,只要在第一个三音石上拍一下,就回声一下,在第二个三音石上拍一下,就回声两下,在第三个三音石上拍一下,就回声三下,所以,它们才称为“三音石”。
黄穹宇里还有回音壁,你站在一端贴着墙小声说话,另一端的人只要耳朵贴着墙面就能听的异常清晰,还有立体效果哦!大家可以试试。这证明500年前的中国人已经能够运用声学了。是不是很有智慧呢?
现在我们来到了圆丘坛,它有两个防护墙,一些阶梯和古人的雕像。
游客们,现在你们可自由观赏,但请注意,不要乱涂乱画,带小孩的游客请管好你的小孩,两个小时后在天坛门口见。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇八
各位!现在我们来到了圜丘坛景区,其实呀,它才是真正的“天坛”,因为这里才是皇帝在冬至祭天用的祭天台。圜丘坛建于明嘉靖年间,即公元1530年,位于整个院落的南端,我先给大家介绍一下圜丘坛院落中的陈设。请看西边,那里有一杆很高的木杆,它叫望灯杆,是祭天的时候挂灯笼用的。各位也许要问:祭天挂什么灯笼呀?当然要挂啦 !因为当年祭天的时间不是在白天,而是在日出前七刻,即零晨四点一刻。您想想,在漆黑的冬夜,老百姓都在被窝里熟睡的时候,皇帝来祭天,也真是够辛苦的,挂个灯笼照个亮,不过分吧?不过,皇帝照亮,非同一般,那必须是“吉灯高照”。那么现在请大家猜一猜这座灯竿有多高?现在我来宣布正确答案:灯杆的高度是九丈九尺九寸,为什么不再加点凑够10丈呢?肯定有原因,不错,请各位先猜猜看,待会儿我再告诉大家。不仅灯杆不一般,那灯笼也不一般,高有两米,直径两米六,够气派吧!但最不一般的还得说那灯笼中的蟠龙通霄宝蜡,长有一米三,直径三十厘米,可连续燃烧12个小时,既不用剪蜡花,也不流蜡油,是当年皇帝祭天的专用宝蜡。
再看看东边的这个绿色建筑物,它的名字叫燔柴炉,是在祭天大典结束后,焚烧祝板及祭品的地方。这是铁镣炉,在进行大典的时候炉内燃烧松杆、松柏,同时还烧些檀香木,一时间火光冲天,香烟缭绕,不但增加了神秘庄严的气氛,而且在寒冷的冬夜给皇帝带来了一丝暖意,真是一举多得呀!
现在,言归正传,我给大家介绍一下圜丘坛,它是一座三层的圆形石台,为什么要将祭天台设计成圆形呢?因为古代人们认为天是圆的,地是方的,既然是祭天台,自然要设计成圆形了。普通人看这座祭天台是用大理石建制的,但设计者们是用数字“九”建成了这座神秘的祭天台,现在我们一起来找找那些神秘的“九”看它们藏在何处。
(走近圜丘坛,在圜丘坛的近前)
耳听为虚,眼见为实,在这儿咱们不妨来个脚踏为实,请大家一边登上这一组台阶,一边数数这组台阶有多少级(自地面层到底间层,因为这里人少,面积大)一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九,正好九级(把客人带到底层平台的东侧)。往上还有两组台阶,每组也是九级,整个圜丘坛东、南、西、北各开一口,每个登坛口都有上、中、下三组台阶,每一组台阶都是九级,现在我们已经找到了12个“九”了。我们再找找看,脚下底层祭坛的坛面直径21丈,没有“九”,中层直径15丈,也没有“九”,顶层“九”丈,有一个“九”,如果把三层直径相加,便是四十五,五九四十五,不但有“九”还有“五”,象征皇帝的“”之尊。真是巧夺天工!那么,别的地方还有“九”吗?有!请各位更上二层“九”,我们到最上层看一看。
(在圜丘坛顶端,东侧无人处)
各位,现在有没有感到“九”的气味儿更浓了?大家请看坛面中心,有块圆形石块,它叫天心石,被一层一层的扇形石板所环绕,这第一环是九块,第二环是二“九”一十八块,第三环是三九二十七块,直到最边上一环为九九八十一块。再看一看中层,它由十个九块开始至十八个九块,底层至十九个九块至二十七个九块,即三层坛面,每层铺九环石板,每环石块又都是九的倍数,自一倍至二十七倍,这样,上、中、下三层坛面共铺石板3402块,即378个“九”。
还记得吗?刚才我们看到的望灯杆高九丈九尺九寸,燔柴炉两侧台阶各九级,皇帝还嫌不够,祭天时还要向皇天上帝敬酒,可见皇帝对九的崇敬,为什么?咱们下坛再说。
(天心石讲解)
各位请看,在祭天台中心有一块突起的圆形石块,它叫“天心石”,又叫“亿兆景从石”,为何叫天心石呢?据说这块石头是宇宙的中心,是皇帝与天上诸神们相互交流的“天界”,故心有灵犀者,便可在此与“神”交流一番。那为什么又叫“亿兆景从石”呢?“亿兆”是多的意思,“景从”是象影子一样随从,所以说白了“亿兆景从石”就是“一呼百应石”,这是一组奇妙的声学现象,即当你站在圆心石上,轻声说话时,声音不仅宏大,而且有共鸣及回音。那么,这是什么原因造成的现象呢?请看,由于坛面十分光洁平整,声波传到周围的石栏杆后能迅速地被反射回来,据声学专家测验,从发音到声波再回到圆心石的时间仅为0.07秒,说话者根本无法分清它是原音还是回声,所以有一呼百应的感觉。 当皇帝站在天心石上说话的时候,感到不仅有神助——声音宏亮,又有人助——一呼百应,身为人君者便把这一呼百应的回声当成是天下万民对自己的无限忠心及一致响应。以前只有皇帝才能站在这里说话,现在我们也可以蹬上天心石许下一个美好的愿望。不过,别贪心,每人只能许下一个心愿,现在我们推举一名德高望众的朋友为我们大家许个愿吧!
(九的揭密,在走下圜丘坛后的东北侧讲解)
各位朋友,现在是我们解开“九”的秘密的时候了,我问问大家,自然界最大的东西是什么?对了,是天;自然数里最大的数字是什么?是“九”。根据阴阳学说,在天地间,天为阳,地为阴;在数字中奇数为阳,偶数为阴;在方向上南为阳,北为阴,所以“九”与“天”都属阳,都是老大,所以古代用“九”象征天,于是用“九”来筑祭天台便是天经地义的事了。
祭祀完毕,皇帝回宫,那么皇天上帝的牌位何去何从?当然,也要回宫,不过它可不回人间的宫殿,而是人间的天宫,在哪里呢?那就是我们前面的那座建筑---皇穹宇,好!我们现在便去天宫拜访一下皇天上帝。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇九
各位游客:
大家好!我叫林芷晴,我是你们今天的导游,大家能叫我小林。今天,我们要来参观一下在我们中国北京东南的“北京天坛”。下面请容许我为你们讲解一下吧
天坛位于北京天安门的东南。始建于明成祖永乐十八年,原名“天地坛”,是明清两代皇帝祭祀天地之神的地方,明嘉靖九年在北京北郊另建祭祀的地坛,此处就专为祭祀上天和祈求丰收的场所,并改名为“天坛”。
天坛的主体建筑是祈年殿,每年皇帝都在这里举行祭天仪式,祈祷风调雨顺、五谷丰登。祈年殿呈圆形,直径32米,高38米,是三重檐亭式圆殿,宝顶鎏金,碧蓝琉璃瓦盖顶;殿内九龙藻井极其精致,富丽堂皇,光彩夺目。
天坛共占地270万平方米,规模宏伟,是中国现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群。它以严谨的规划布局,奇特的建筑史上占有重要位置,也是世界建筑艺术的珍贵遗产。
相信大家听到这里,一定是又好奇又兴奋吧,看,前面就是目的地了,在此我特别提醒:
1、大家在参观的过程中不能大声喧哗;2、不要乱扔垃圾;3、要是迷路的话,请拨打电话给我。最后祝大家旅行愉快。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇十
各位游客,你们好!今天我们要参观的是以前皇帝祭天的地方——天坛。
天坛是明朝永乐皇帝建成的祭天圣坛,主建筑是大祀殿,也就是今天的祈年殿。天坛有外坛墙和内坛墙,北圆南方,寓意天圆地方。乾隆年间,将大祀殿改为现在的祈年殿,将屋顶瓦片改成蓝色的琉璃瓦,形成了今天我们看到的这个世界上最大的祭天建筑群。
这一祭天圣地,在1860年遭到了英法联军的洗劫,1920xx年又遭到八国联军的蹂躏。新中国成立以后,这里成了著名的旅游景点,来这里的除了旅游者,还有很多健身的人们。
现在就让我们沿着当年皇帝登坛的路线开始游览。
现在我们是沿着天坛建筑的中轴线在向南行进,将要看到的就是古代皇帝祭天的圜丘坛。圜丘有两道围护墙,外方内圆,符合天圆地方的说法。每道墙都有四组门,大家可以注意到,门的大小都不一样,这是因为中门是上帝专用的,所以高大;皇帝只能从左侧的门进入;而其他的官员只能从右边最小的门通过。
来到圜丘坛下,我们马上要开始登坛了,不过要请您留心数一数,每层坛面都有多少台阶。到了最高层,大家会发现,坛上所有的台阶数,都是九或者九的倍数。这些难道都是巧合么?当然不是,因为古人认为九是极阳数,所以工匠们便用这个数字来赋予圜丘坛“崇高”之意。
说完了神坛的奇妙,我再给您介绍一下祭天大典的盛况。
到了每年的冬至,皇帝就要在这里祭天。在这个典礼上,需要特别提到的是皇帝恭读祝文所站立的地方,就是这块天心石。它是天坛三大声学现象之一。在这里朗读的时候声音特别洪亮,各位游客不妨体验一下,也像当年的皇帝一样,向上天诉说自己美好的愿望。
现在咱们继续沿着中轴线行走,面前的建筑叫做天库,它的正殿就是皇穹宇。皇穹宇三个字也分别代表了“至高无上”“天”“宇宙”的意思,更加显示出它的神圣和至尊。这组建筑不仅十分精美,而且还有回音壁和三音石,这和刚才我们说的“天心石”合称天坛三大声学现象。
回音壁就是皇穹宇的外墙,围墙十分平滑,可以传声,在传递途中对声音损失极小,只要对着墙说话,就算相隔四五十米,见不到面,都可以清晰地听到对方说话。
三音石是皇穹宇大殿正前方的三块石头,您站在第一块石头上拍手可以听到一次回音,站在第二块石头上拍手可以听到两次,而站在第三块石头上拍手就可以听到三次回音,所以称为三音石。
在游览过了圜丘坛和皇穹宇之后,我们即将走进祈谷坛了,祈谷坛的主体建筑就是祈年殿,祈年殿是一座极具中国特色的独特建筑。
圆形尖屋顶是用蓝色的琉璃瓦覆盖,以此来象征天。和每年的祭天一样,这里是用来祈谷的地方。在祭祀的当天,有乐队在殿外月台上奏乐,身穿祭服的皇帝虔诚步入神殿,向牌位行大礼,祈祷上苍,然后把供品送到祈年门外焚烧,送上天宫。
现在我们从祈谷坛的东门出来,可以看到一条长廊,是祭祀时运送祭品的通道。
今天的观光游览就要结束了,在天坛的这段时光希望能成为您北京之游中的永恒记忆。同时也请您把天坛的祝福带给您的家人朋友。
北京天坛导游词完整版篇十一
大家好,面前的建筑叫做天坛,而它的正殿就是皇穹宇。皇穹宇建于明嘉靖九年,起初叫做泰神殿,到了十七年,改名为现在的皇穹宇,它的作用就是在平日存放圜丘坛祭祀主神的地方,所以这里也叫圜丘坛寝宫。殿内正面的圆形石台上安放的就是皇天上帝的神牌,而前边两侧的四个方形石台上安放的则是八位祖先神主,还有东西配殿用来存放从祀神位。而皇穹宇三个字也分别代表了至高无上,天,宇宙的意思,更加显示出它的神圣和至尊。
它是一座建筑艺术价值非常高的殿宇,总体呈圆形,下边是高2.85米的圆形须弥座,为青白石筑成,有东南西三个方向的出陛,也就是台阶,而在南向出陛还有二龙戏珠的丹陛石。上边是蓝色筒瓦单檐攒尖鎏金宝顶。而在殿内还有八根檐柱和八根金柱,大殿上架没有横梁承托,全都是靠各类斗拱层层上叠来支撑,步步收缩,从而形成了精美的穹隆圆顶。这里边还运用了物理学中的杠杆原理。这组建筑不仅十分精美,而且还有回音壁和三音石,这和刚才我们说的天心石合称天坛三大声学现象。回音壁就是皇穹宇的外墙,围墙建造的磨砖对缝,十分的平滑,是很好的声音载体,可以传声,在传递途中对声音损失极小,只要对着墙说话,就算相隔四五十米,见不到面,都可以清晰的听到对方说话。而三音石则是皇穹宇大殿正前方的三块石头,您站在第一块石头上拍手可以听到一次回音,第二块石头可以听到两次,而第三块就可以听到三次回音,所以称为三音石。在后来也有人把它叫做三才石,取天地人三才的意思。
也许您刚才就已经注意到了,天坛有非常多的柏树,不错,它就好像北京一个天然的氧吧。而在这许多古柏当中,有一株500余岁的桧柏,就是回音壁西墙外的这棵九龙柏。它的树干纹理非常的奇特,布满了沟壑,而且旋转扭曲,好像9条蟠龙缠绕嬉戏,所以叫它九龙柏真是一点也不过分。
在游览过了圜丘坛和皇穹宇之后,我们就即将走进祈谷坛了,而现在我们脚下连接两个祭坛的就是丹陛桥,也叫做海墁大道,而它也是皇帝登上祈谷坛的唯一通道,长360米,桥面上分为三条道,中间的是神道,东边是御道,西边的就是王道。而它作为通道为什么又要称为桥呢?这有两种说法,一种是说路面南低北高,步步高升,好像与天相连接的桥;而另一种就是说路面下边建有进牲门,类似立交桥,所以称之为桥。说到进牲门,就是在祭祀前,牛羊都要通过桥下的一个券门被赶到500米外的宰牲亭宰杀,制成供品,所以这个通道也被叫做鬼门关,因为一进去就有死无生了。
现在我们从祈谷坛的东门出来,可以看到一条连檐通脊的长廊,共有七十二间,俗称七十二连房,它不仅用来连接神厨神库,而且也是祭祀时运送祭品的通道,在长廊的东头,就是宰牲亭,就是前面所说过了鬼门关的牲畜要道这里来屠宰。而在长廊的东南方向,有八块巨大的青石,称为七星石,都是风水镇石。可是这里命名有八块石头为什么叫七星呢?原来明代在这里放的的确是七块石头,而最小的那一块则是清代增添上的。关于七星石的说法每个朝代都不同。在明代,有个道士和皇帝说祈年殿的方位不好,不利于国家,所以就在这里放了象征着北斗七星的七块石头。而在清代,康熙皇帝为了给满族爱新觉罗氏寻找从东北如主中原的理论依据,就派人考察山脉,发现泰山是长白山的余脉,所以就在原来七块石头的东北方有放了一小块儿青石,象征东北长白山,如果按这种说法,那八块石头就应该叫做七峰东岳。
暂且不管他们怎么定论了。今天的观光游览就要结束了,在天坛的这段时光希望能成为您北京之游中的永恒记忆。同时也请您把天坛的祝福带给您的家人朋友。