人的记忆力会随着岁月的流逝而衰退，写作可以弥补记忆的不足，将曾经的人生经历和感悟记录下来，也便于保存一份美好的回忆。范文书写有哪些要求呢？我们怎样才能写好一篇范文呢？下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文，希望能够帮助到大家，我们一起来看一看吧。
论文摘要的写法怎么写篇一
william faulkner is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.
as a leader ofamerican “southern renaissance”， he won the nobel prize of literature in 1949 for “hispowerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern american novel”。
(faulkner,1949) light in august is one of his masterpieces which explore moral themes related tothe decline of the old south.
this thesis primarily concentrates on hard-to-defineidentity of the protagonist-joe christmas with the application of the post-colonialisttheory.
identity, from the perspective of post-colonialism, is a dynamic process ofconstruction involved with historical and social elements.
it is neither natural nor stable,but invented and constructed outside.
in the novel, joe christmas is regarded as amulatto suspect because of his birth riddle, despite the fact that there is no clearevidence about his uncertainty.
caged within the racism-rooted southern society, joesuncertain identity sets him onto the tragic life, for this ambiguity itself is a threat to thestability of the community.
on the one hand, joe is in the endless pursuit of his ownidentity under the influence of society.
he is so obsessed with locating his own positionand seeking the sense of belonging that he cannot find peace in deep heart.
it turns outthat all his efforts fail, without satisfactory consequences.
in a certain sense, joe createsthe predicament for himself.
having failed to apply the strategy of hybridity inpost-colonialism to fight back the society, joe is doomed to be ostracized andabandoned by the mainstream white society.
he is like a round peg in a square hole,wavering between the white and the black community all his lifetime.
on the other hand,the whole society is keen to pin down joes clear identity in his own will, regardless ofjoes intention.
in a hierarchical society, it is the racial prejudice and different socialpowers that create and construct joe as a part nigger.
there are four chapters in the thesis besides introduction and conclusion parts.
chapter one is the literature review of light in august both at home and abroad.
chapter two gives an overview of the post-colonialist theories, especially theories ofidentity construction, which constitutes the theoretical foundation.
chapters three andfour are the main body, respectively analyzing both the internal and external elementsof joes identity dilemma in the light of the post-colonial theories.
in conclusion, the indeterminacy of joe christmas identity demonstrates that theessence of identity issue is not whether one is a black or not, but the social constructionof identity of human beings.
the term “intertextuality”， which was introduced by french literary critics juliakristeva in the 1960s, refers to the relationship between texts.
and it has been in thespotlight of the academic world since its debut.
kristeva claims that every text isconstructed as a mosaic of quotations; every text is the absorption and transportation ofother texts.
the theory of intertextuality not only brings about great social, cultural andhistorical significance, but also stimulates a new thought and a refreshing researchperspective for the evolution of translation theory.
biancheng, a novella that expresses the localism, is the masterpiece of the famousmodern chinese writer shen congwen.
the story happened in a border town namedchadong of xiangxi in the 1930s, and it depicts the special local flavor of xiangxidistrict.
at the same time, the novel showcases the kindness of the humanity and thepurity of the soul by describing the tragic story of a girl called cuicui.
the novel hasattracted lots of readers at home and abroad for its unique artistic charm and vivid localflavor.
the thesis deals with the two representative english versions of biancheng, one isfrom the famous british translator gladys yang, the other is from the americansinologist jeffrey c.
kinkley.
the author engages in the exploration of how to apply thetheory of intertextuality to the translation of novels from theory and practice and tries todig up a new perspective concerning the translation studies of biancheng as an effort toprove the fact that the theory of intertextuality can not only be viewed as epistemologybut also be taken as methodology for the research of novel translation.
all in all, two research methods are included in this thesis.
first and foremost, thecombination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis runs through the wholethesis in order to reflect the frequency distribution for use of domestication andforeignization; in addition, the thesis mainly uses the case analysis, especially in themain body part.
it expounds the enlightenment the theory of intertextuality brings to thenovel translation by comparing different translations of the different chineseculture-specific items (csi) in terms of linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture.
the features of the application of the intertextuality into thetranslation studies are as follows: it pays much more attention to the translatorssubjectivity and manifests the nature of translation activities as intertextuality in aclearer way.
thus, it helps to build the new intertextual connections between the sourcetext and the target text and provide fresh new theoretical support for the macroscopicconstruction of the translation studies.
this thesis can be spanided into six parts.
in the introduction, the author displays a brief introduction of the researchbackground, research significance, the methodology, and the structure of the thesisrespectively.
chapter one is the review of the previous studies on biancheng and its englishtranslations both at home and abroad.
chapter two is primarily concerned with the establishment and development of thetheory of intertextuality, and then the relationship between the theory of intertextualityand translation will be presented.
chapter three is about biancheng and its two english translations.
it not onlypresents a brief introduction of shen congwen, but also elaborates the description of thetwo translators---gladys yang and jeffrey c.
kinkley.
meanwhile, it provides us withthe background information about the formation process of these two english versions.
chapter four is the main body of the thesis.
the author initiates the comparativestudy of the two english versions of biancheng by detailed analysis of five differenttypes of culture-specific items, namely linguistic, material, social, religious andecological culture,the last part is the conclusion.
the author holds that biancheng contains a lot ofdifferent types of intertextual signals of chinese culture-specific items which can betraced in other previous texts.
at the same time, because of the different environmentand cultural background, the two translators share different understandings on theintertextual signals of those culture-specific items, resulting in the two translators
different choices of different translation strategies.
gladys yangs version involves bothdomestication and foreignization, and foreignization occupies a larger percentage.
asthis version got published in 1981, the readers from the english speaking countriescould grasp the style and content of the translated version in a rather difficult way;while kinkleys version was out in 2009, and he tended to use more foreignization thanthat of gladys yang, which helped to meet the needs of those foreign readers who notonly possessed basic knowledge of china and chinese culture, but also yearned forhaving a better understanding of chinese culture.
in addition, kinkleys versionsuccessfully maintained the local flavor of the source text, helps transmit chineseculture to the world, and making it a worthwhile material for further study.
with the development of optical networks, the architecture of optical networkbecome more and more complex, so the demand to establish monitoring network foroptical network is urgent and necessary.
traditional optical network monitoring systemfocused on the terminal of equipment, take the form of protection switching when thebreakdown of network to keep the integrity of the network,but this method can not givethe type and location of breakdown in optic cable.
“multi-fible monitoring system” isproposed to solve this problem.
this system, based on the principle of backscatter, consists of otdr block,opticalswitching, computers, embedded operating systems etc.
it establishes a monitoring systemwhich could efficiently manage the complex optical networks.
in this thesis,it firstlyintroduces the present research background of otdr,describes the optical principle offiber measurement and the structure of modern digital otdr block;then it gives thearchitecture of the fiber monitoring system which consist of mcu,otdr block,opticalswitching,ethernet and management software;at last it mainly introduces the self-defineprotocols,with these protocols we can request measurement,modify ip address ofmcu,switch the fiber link we measured,cancel the measurement and store the result ofmeasurement.
论文摘要的写法怎么写篇二
论文题目：论法治视野下信访功能的定位
【摘要】信访在中国成为问题与信访的功能定位有密切关系。
国家把信访的功能定位在政治参与和权力监督方面，而公民更愿意定位在权利救济方面。
由于公民对信访功能的定位和国家原初的定位产生了一定偏差，这使得国家在应对以权利救济为目的的信访问题时，难免带有功利主义的目的。
从比较法的角度，信访权更接近于国外宪法所普遍确认的"请愿权"。
就请愿权发展轨迹来看，早期的请愿权兼具政治参与和权利救济的双重功能，之后随着司法救济制度的完善，大量的私人纠纷主要诉诸司法程序解决，请愿权的权利救济功能逐渐式微甚至消失，今天请愿主要作为一种直接政治参与的方式而存在。
请愿权在现代成熟宪政国家中的发展变迁图景为我们思考信访在我国如何进行功能转换提供了思路。
我国应通过完善司法救济制度逐步把权利救济功能从信访中剥离出来，使信访回到原初的政治参与和权力监督的功能上来。
