The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world’s great writers. Before   36    this question, it will be useful to introduce some   37  concepts. Conflict,  38   as opposition among  social units-or individuals-directed against one another, is  39 from competition, which    40   opposition among social units   41  seeking to obtain something which is   42   inadequate supply. Competitors may not know about one another, which those who   43  in a conflict do. Conflict and competition are both   44   of opposition. The meaning of opposition has been stated as a process by which social unit function in the disservice of one another, opposition is   45  contrasted to cooperation, a   46   by which social units function in the service of one another. These   47   are necessary because it is important to emphasize that    competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited   48  , but conflict isn’t . Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur and is probably an essential and desirable   49  of human societies.

Many authors have 50 their arguments that war cannot be avoided on the idea that in the struggle for existence among groups of animals, only those which are best 51 remain alive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Those who fail in this competition 52 starve

to death or are 53 by other types of animals. This struggle for 54 is not similar to human war, but is like the competition of 55 for jobs, markets, and materials. The most important quality of this struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are not enough to satisfy all.

36.A.considering    B.solving C.answering    D.saying

37.A.related    B.used     C.translated    D.sacred

38.A.specified B.remarked     C.defined       D.claimed

39.A.variable  B.distinguished      C.various D.isolated

40.A.acknowledged       B.denies  C.assumes       D.means

41.A.critically B.approximately     C.independently     D.costly

42.A.on   B.for       C.with     D.in

43.A.enter      B.participate   C.fall      D.involve

44.A.formations     B.classes  C.terms   D.reactions

45.A.nevertheless   B.however      C.thus     D.maybe

46.A.procession     B.standard      C.process D.measurement

47.A.accounts B.definitions   C.descriptions D.explanations

48.A.resources       B.origins C.sources D.materials

49.A.matter    B.element       C.event   D.coincidence

50.A.concentrated  B.fixed    C.centered      D.based

51.A.encouraged    B.accepted      C.adapted       D.adopted

52.A.not only B.either   C.neither D.both

53.A.killed     B.raised   C.fired    D.surrounded

54.A.resistence       B.privilege     C.favour  D.employment

55.A.workers  B.officials      C.individuals  D.residents